The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of _____.A) protonephridiaB) metanephridiaC) Malpighian tubulesD)...
Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?
Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?A) filtrationB) selective reabsorptionC) secretionD) excret...
Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in _____.
Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in _____.A) flatwormsB) insectsC) jellyfishD) sea starsAnswer:&nbs...
The production of antibodies
The production of antibodiesa. occurs in B cells and is referred to as the humoral immunity responseb. occurs in T cells and is referred to as cellular...
The end product of thymine degradation is _______.
The end product of thymine degradation is _______.a. ureab. NH4+c. allantoated. b-alanine.e. b-aminoisobutyrateAnswer: e. b-aminoisobutyr...
All of the following are directly involved in protein turnover except _______.
All of the following are directly involved in protein turnover except _______.a. hspb. calpainsc. cathepsind. proteosomee. None of the above are correct.Answer: e....
Components of the transulfuration pathway include all of the following except _____.
Components of the transulfuration pathway include all of the following except _____.a. SAMb. cysteinec. homocysteined. ATPe. BH4Answer: e. ...
Homogentisate is an intermediate in the degradation of __________.
Homogentisate is an intermediate in the degradation of __________.a. threonineb. lysinec. arginined. tryptophane. tyrosineAnswer: e. tyros...
Amino acids whose degradation yields a-ketoglutarate include all of the following except _________.
Amino acids whose degradation yields a-ketoglutarate include all of the following except _________.a. arginineb. glutaminec. leucined. histidinee. None...
Amino acids whose degradation yields succinyl-CoA includes all of the following except ________.
Amino acids whose degradation yields succinyl-CoA includes all of the following except ________.a. Methionineb. Isoluecinec. Valined. Histidinee. None...
Which of the following reactions require SAM?
Which of the following reactions require SAM?a. Synthesis of dopamineb. Synthesis of norepinephrinec. Conversion of tryptophan to serotonind. Conversion...
One type of wax we discussed is used to protect your car. Name that wax
One type of wax we discussed is used to protect your car. Name that waxA. BeeswaxB. Melissyl cerotateC. jojobaD. hydroxyoctacosanyl hydroxy-stearateE....
Amino acids whose degradation yields acetyl-CoA include all of the following except ________.
Amino acids whose degradation yields acetyl-CoA include all of the following except ________.a. threonineb. glutamatec. glycined. alaninee. cysteineAnswer: b....
All of the following are referred to collectively as the branched chain amino acids except _________.
All of the following are referred to collectively as the branched chain amino acids except _________.a. Valineb. Glycinec. Leucined.IsoleucineAnswer: b....
The fixation of nitrogen requires _______.
The fixation of nitrogen requires _______.a. Fe-Mo proteinb. Fe proteinc. ferredoxind. Both A and B are correct.e. All of the above are correct.Answer: e....
Asparagine is formed from aspartic acid and _________ .
Asparagine is formed from aspartic acid and _________ .a. SAMb. glutaminec. NH4+d. Both A and C are correcte. All of the above are correct.Answer: b....
The oxidation state of the methenyl group (-CH=) is comparable to that of ____.
The oxidation state of the methenyl group (-CH=) is comparable to that of ____.a. methanolb. formaldehydec. formated. Both A and B are correct.e. All...
All of the following are directly involved in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid except _______.
All of the following are directly involved in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid except _______.a. thioredoxinb. NADPHc. ribonucleotide reductased....
One-carbon carriers in metabolism include
One-carbon carriers in metabolism includea. biotinb. folatec. SAMd. Both B and C are correct.e. All of the above are correct.Answer: e. All of the...
Extra Question) Which of the following is an a-keto acid/a-amino acid pair used in transamination?
Extra Question) Which of the following is an a-keto acid/a-amino acid pair used in transamination?A. Pyruvate/leucineB. Oxaloacetate/aspartateC. Oxaloacetate/glutamateD....
The conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine requires ______
The conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine requires ______A) SAMB) SerineC) Base exchange enzymeD) Acyl carrier proteinE) SAHAnswer: A)...
Chorismate is a precursor in the synthesis of all of the following except _______.
Chorismate is a precursor in the synthesis of all of the following except _______.A.PhenylalanineB.TryptophanC.UbiquinoneD.TyrosineE.GuanidoacetateAn...
SAM is a methyl donor in the synthesis of ______.
SAM is a methyl donor in the synthesis of ______.a. melatoninb. creatinec. phosphatidylcholined. Both A and C are correct.e. all of the above are correctAnswer: e....
The tranport of GSH out of cells serves all of the following functions except ______.
The tranport of GSH out of cells serves all of the following functions except ______.a. protection of the plasma membrane.b. amino acid transport.c. transfer...
All of the following are purine bases except _____.
All of the following are purine bases except _____.a) Thymineb) Hypoxanthinec) Guanined) Adeninee) All of the above are purine bases.Answer: Thy...
Which of the following is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Which of the following is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter?a. Glycineb. gamma-Aminobutyratec. Glutamated. Both A and B are correcte. All of...
The conversion of acyl-CoA to acylcarnitine is inhibited by __________.
The conversion of acyl-CoA to acylcarnitine is inhibited by __________.A) Malonyl-CoAB) CitrateC) Acetyl-CoAD) InsulinE) A and BAnswer: A) Malon...
Glycine is used as a precursor molecule in the synthesis of all of the following except _______.
Glycine is used as a precursor molecule in the synthesis of all of the following except _______.a. glutathioneb. hemec. purine basesd. chlorophylle. carnitineAnswer: e....
The group of molecules called the catecholamines include all of the following except _________.
The group of molecules called the catecholamines include all of the following except _________.a. histamineb.epinephrinec.dopamined. norepinephrinee....
The glutamate family of amino acids includes all of the following except _____.
The glutamate family of amino acids includes all of the following except _____.a. Glutamineb. Argininec. Lysined. Prolinee. None of the above are correct.Answer: c....
Fatty acid synthesis begins with the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form ________.
Fatty acid synthesis begins with the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form ________.A) Acetoacetyl-CoAB) Butyryl-CoAC) Propionyl-CoAD) Malonyl-CoAE) None...
Which of the following is an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter?
Which of the following is an example of an excitatory neurotransmitter?a. serotonineb. Glycinec. Glutamined. GlutamateAnswer: d. Glutam...
Which of the following is not one of the ketone bodies?
Which of the following is not one of the ketone bodies?A) AcetoacetateB) beta-HydroxybutyrateC) beta-MethylglutarateD) AcetoneE) None of the aboveAnswer: C)...
The rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is
The rate limiting step in fatty acid synthesis isA) condensation of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA.B) formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate.C) formation of...
The intermediates in fatty acid synthesis are linked through a ________linkage to ACP.
The intermediates in fatty acid synthesis are linked through a ________linkage to ACP.A) AcetalB) EtherC) ThioesterD) AmideE) EsterAnswer: C)...
The most important mechanism for degrading and eliminating cholesterol is the synthesis of
The most important mechanism for degrading and eliminating cholesterol is the synthesis ofA) fatty acidsB) bile acidsC) squaleneD) taurineE) isopreneAnswer: B)...
The conversion of squalene to cholesterol requires ________.
The conversion of squalene to cholesterol requires ________.A) O2B) Isopentenyl pyrophosphateC) NADPHD) A and BE) A and CAnswer: E) A and...
Cholesterol is a precursor of _________.
Cholesterol is a precursor of _________.A) Testosterone.B) Estrogen.C) Cortisol.D) Aldosterone.E) All of the above.Answer: E) All of the abo...
Which of the following tissues cannot use fatty acids as a fuel?
Which of the following tissues cannot use fatty acids as a fuel?A) brainB) muscleC) heartD) liverE) all tissues use fatty acidsAnswer: A) br...
Lipolysis is used to
Lipolysis is used toA) Degrade triacylglycerolsB) Prepare triacylglycerols for excretionC) Remove lipids from membranesD) Cleave fatty acids into 2 carbon...
Extra Question) Membrane remodeling
Extra Question) Membrane remodelingA) Requires phospholipasesB) Requires acyl transferasesC) Occurs only when cells are under stressD) Both A and B are...
________ is used to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria.
________ is used to transport fatty acids into the mitochondria.A) PhytateB) CreatineC) CarnitineD) Acyl carrier proteinE) CarroneAnswer: C) Car...
_____ is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis.
_____ is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis.A) HMG-CoA reductase phosphataseB) HMG-CoA reductase kinaseC) Mevalonate kinaseD) Phosphomevalonate...
The conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA is inhibited by ________.
The conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA is inhibited by ________.A) glucagonB) epinephrineC) palmitoyl-CoAD) All of the above are correctE) none of...
In animals the function of peroxisomal b-oxidation appears to be
In animals the function of peroxisomal b-oxidation appears to beA) energy generationB) gluconeogenesisC) synthesis of very long fatty acidsD) degradation...
The acetyl-CoA derived from glyoxysomal b-oxidation is converted to carbohydrate via
The acetyl-CoA derived from glyoxysomal b-oxidation is converted to carbohydrate viaA) the glyoxylate cycleB) the citric acid cycleC) gluconeogenesisD)...
Saturated fatty acids containing up to 16 carbon atoms are assembled in ________.
Saturated fatty acids containing up to 16 carbon atoms are assembled in ________.A) mitochondriaB) rough ERC) smooth ERD) peroxisomesE) cytoplasmAnswer: E)...
The b-oxidation of fatty acids requires_________.
The b-oxidation of fatty acids requires_________.A) coenzyme AB) FADC) NAD+D) Both A and C are correctE) All of the aboveAnswer: E) All of the a...
The following reaction requires the presence of _________.
The following reaction requires the presence of _________.A) carnitineB) coASHC) NAD+D) FADE) H2OAnswer: C) N...
Which of the following is not a function of phospholipases?
Which of the following is not a function of phospholipases?Membrane remodelingSignal transductionEnergy storageDigestionToxic PhospholipasesAnswer: Energy...
Membranes are rigid when they contain
Membranes are rigid when they containLarge amounts of cholesterolLarge amounts of unsaturated fatty acidsLarge amounts of saturated fatty acidsLarge amounts...
Flippase transfers _________ from the outer to inner membrane leaflet
Flippase transfers _________ from the outer to inner membrane leafletPhospholipidsCholesterolTriacylglycerolsGlycolipidsWaterAnswer: Phospholip...
Individuals with cystic fibrosis have a defective _______ ion channel in their epithelial membrane
Individuals with cystic fibrosis have a defective _______ ion channel in their epithelial membraneWaterChloridePotassiumProteinSodiumAnswer: Chl...
A consequence of replacing dietary fat content with sugars is
A consequence of replacing dietary fat content with sugars isNo effect on body weightAn increase in body weightA small loss of body weightA large decrease...
Which of the following is not a consequence of a low fat diet?
Which of the following is not a consequence of a low fat diet?Low levels of fat soluble vitaminsLow levels of essential fatty acidsBrittle hairPoor would...
Phospholipase B hydrolyzes ______ ester bonds in phospholipids
Phospholipase B hydrolyzes ______ ester bonds in phospholipidsC-1C-2C-3Both C-1 and C-2All of the aboveAnswer: Both C-1 and ...
The function of dolichols is to
The function of dolichols is toTransport sugars in glycoprotein synthesisBind carbohydrate on the cell surface of bacteriaBind to oxygenated carotenesServe...
Glycolipids differ from sphingolipids in that they contain no _________.
Glycolipids differ from sphingolipids in that they contain no _________.CarbohydratePhosphateFatty acidCholineBoth B and C are correctAnswer: Ph...
Which of the following is not likely to be a naturally occurring fatty acid
Which of the following is not likely to be a naturally occurring fatty acidC13H27COOHC14H29COOHC15H31COOHC17H35COOHC19H39COOHAnswer: C14H29C...
How many isoprene units does a diterpene contain?
How many isoprene units does a diterpene contain?12345Answer:&nbs...
Plasma lipoproteins transport _______ through the blood from one organ to another.
Plasma lipoproteins transport _______ through the blood from one organ to another.TriacylglycerolsPhospholipidsCholesteryl estersBoth A and C are correctAll...
______ are the principal transporters of cholesteryl esters to tissues.
______ are the principal transporters of cholesteryl esters to tissues.ChylomicronsVery low density lipoproteinIntermediate density lipoproteinLow density...
Membrane receptors are transmembrane molecules or molecular complexes that
Membrane receptors are transmembrane molecules or molecular complexes thatA) Monitor and respond to changes in the cell's environment.B) Bind to hormones...
In addition to the prostaglandins and leukotrienes the autocrine regulators include:
In addition to the prostaglandins and leukotrienes the autocrine regulators include:Arachidonic acidLinoleic acidThromboxanesSteroidsAll of the above...
Choose the lipid class that acts as surfactants.
Choose the lipid class that acts as surfactants.TriacylglycerolsFatty acidsWaxesPhospholipidsBoth A and B are correctAnswer: Phospholip...
Membrane proteins are linked to anchor molecules through a ___________ link
Membrane proteins are linked to anchor molecules through a ___________ linkEtherEsterAmideAminoPlasmaAnswer: Am...
Indicate which of the following compounds is a endocannabinoid.
Indicate which of the following compounds is a endocannabinoid.A) Oleic acidB) Arachidonic acidC) AnandamineD) ProstaglandinE) ω-3 Fatty acidsAnswer: C)...
Low fat diets deficient in essential fatty acids are characterized by which of the following?
Low fat diets deficient in essential fatty acids are characterized by which of the following?A) Poor wound healingB) AlopeciaC) Dental cariesD Ketone...
Which of the following structural features is not characteristic of TXA2 ?
Which of the following structural features is not characteristic of TXA2 ?A) An ether ringB) One OH groupC) Two double bondsD) One double bondE) Is derived...
Neutral fats belong to which of the following?
Neutral fats belong to which of the following?A) PhospholipidsB) GlycolipidsC) ProstaglandinsD) TriacylglycerolsE) Free fatty acidsAnswer: D) Tr...
The function of glucose permease is an example of
The function of glucose permease is an example ofA) Primary active transportB) Secondary active trasnportC) Facilitated diffusionD) Simple diffusionE)...
ω-6 Fatty acids
ω-6 Fatty acidsA) Have a double bond six carbon atoms from the carbonyl end of the chainB) Have a double bond six carbon atoms from the methyl end of...
In simple diffusion a solute
In simple diffusion a soluteA) Is propelled by random molecular motionB) Moves up its concentration gradientC) Moves across a membrane because of an input...
Patients with familial hypercholesterolemia
Patients with familial hypercholesterolemiaA) Possess depressed levels of plasma cholesterolB) Have missing or defective LDL receptorsC) Are homozygous...
Energy requiring transport mechanisms include
Energy requiring transport mechanisms includeA) Primary active transportB) DiffusionC) Facilitated diffusionD) Both A and B are correctE) Both A and C...
A membrane's fluidity is largely determined by the percentage of
A membrane's fluidity is largely determined by the percentage ofA) Phosphatidyl cholineB) PhosphatidylethanolamineC) Fatty acidsD) CardiolipinE) Unsaturated...
Which of the following statements is not true?
Which of the following statements is not true?A) Membrane potential is an electrical gradient across a membrane.B) A decrease in membrane potential is...
In muscle cells, local depolarization caused by acetylcholine binding leads to the opening of the voltage gated _____channels.
In muscle cells, local depolarization caused by acetylcholine binding leads to the opening of the voltage gated _____channels.A) ChlorideB) PotassiumC)...
In the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
In the fluid mosaic model of membrane structureA) Proteins form an inner layer between two layers of lipidB) Proteins coat an inner layer of lipidsC)...
Which of the following statements concerning the anion channel protein is not true?
Which of the following statements concerning the anion channel protein is not true?A) It plays an important role in carbon dioxide transport in bloodB)...
The basic structure of biological membranes is a consequence of the physical properties of _______.
The basic structure of biological membranes is a consequence of the physical properties of _______.A) ProteinsB) PhospholipidsC) CholesterolD) WaterE)...
Which of the following statements concerning carotenoids is not true?
Which of the following statements concerning carotenoids is not true?A) Carotenoids are the only examples of the monoterpenesB) The carotenes are hydrocarbon...
Which of the following molecules is not a lipid?
Which of the following molecules is not a lipid?A) Fatty acidsB) SteroidsC) IsoprenoidsD) WaxesE) All of the above are lipidsAnswer: E) All of the...
Phosphatidylcholine is sometimes referred to as ______.
Phosphatidylcholine is sometimes referred to as ______.A) PIP2B) CephalinC) CeramideD) CardiolipinE) None of the above are correctAnswer: E) None...
The myelin sheath
The myelin sheathA) Surrounds nerve cell axonsB) Contains large amounts of cardiolipinC) Facilitates nerve impulse transmissionD) Both A and B are correctE)...
All of the following are glycolipids except _________.
All of the following are glycolipids except _________.A) SulfatidesB) CerebrosidesC) GangliosidesD) Both A and B are correctE) None of the above are correctAnswer: E)...
The role of very low density lipoproteins is
The role of very low density lipoproteins isA) Scavenging the cholesterol from cell membranesB) Transporting of lipids from liver to tissuesC) Transporting...
The functions of fat include
The functions of fat includeA) InsulationB) Energy storageC) Water-repellent propertiesD) Both A and B are correctE) All of the above are correctAnswer: E)...
Phospholipids are
Phospholipids areA) Structural components of membranesB) Surface active agentsC) Rich energy sourcesD) Both A and B are correctE) All of the above are...
The double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are usually _______ isomers.
The double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are usually _______ isomers.A) CisB) TransC) Both cis and transD) EssentialE) NonessentialAnswer: A)...
The essential fatty acids are
The essential fatty acids areA) Arachidonic acidB) Linoleic acidC) Linolenic acidD) Both A and B are correctE) Both B and C are correctAnswer: E)...
Fatty acids react with alcohols to form _____.
Fatty acids react with alcohols to form _____.A) AmidesB) EthersC) AnhydridesD) EpoxidesE) EstersAnswer: E) Est...
Prostaglandins are involved in _________.
Prostaglandins are involved in _________.A) OvulationB) InflammationC) DigestionD) Both A and B are correctE) All of the above are correctAnswer: D)...
Antimycin A inhibits cyt b in complex III. If this inhibitor is added to a suspension of mitochondria which of the following will increase in concentration?
Antimycin A inhibits cyt b in complex III. If this inhibitor is added to a suspension of mitochondria which of the following will increase in concentration?A)...
I made mention of an awe inspiring molecular precursor of cholesterol in class. I said it's almost there, but just needs some electrons to move around and then it form the steroid nuclease. The name of that molecule is.
I made mention of an awe inspiring molecular precursor of cholesterol in class. I said it's almost there, but just needs some electrons to move around...
Fatty acid groups are referred to as ________ groups.
Fatty acid groups are referred to as ________ groups.A) AcetylB) AcylC) PrenylD) IsoprenoidE) IsopentenylAnswer: B) A...
The ultimate waste products of aerobic cellular metabolism of oxygen include
The ultimate waste products of aerobic cellular metabolism of oxygen includeA) PyruvateB) Ethyl alcoholC) Carbon dioxideD) Carbon monoxideE) A or BAnswer: C)...
According to the solid state model of electron transport electron transfer is efficient because
According to the solid state model of electron transport electron transfer is efficient becauseA) Electron transfer is the result of random collisionsB)...
How many protons are required to drive the phosphorylation of ADP by the mitochondrial ATP synthase?
How many protons are required to drive the phosphorylation of ADP by the mitochondrial ATP synthase?A) OneB) TwoC) ThreeD) FourE) FiveAnswer: C)...
A respiratory burst is initiated when NADPH reacts with oxygen to produce which of the following?
A respiratory burst is initiated when NADPH reacts with oxygen to produce which of the following?A) Superoxide anionB) WaterC) Hydrogen peroxideD) Hydroxyl...
The principal sources of electrons for the electron transport system is (are) which of the following
The principal sources of electrons for the electron transport system is (are) which of the followingA) GlycolysisB) Citric acid cycleC) Fatty acid oxidationD)...
The statement aerobic organisms use oxygen to generate energy required to maintain metabolic processes yet they risk damage caused by highly reactive oxygen molecules can be referred to as:
The statement aerobic organisms use oxygen to generate energy required to maintain metabolic processes yet they risk damage caused by highly reactive...
Which of the following would not be classified as a ROS?
Which of the following would not be classified as a ROS?A) OxygenB) CH3O.C) H-O-O.D) Hydroxide ionE) All of the above are ROSAnswer: D) Hydroxide...
How many ATP are generated during the oxidation of one NADH?
How many ATP are generated during the oxidation of one NADH?A) 1B) 2C) 2.5D) 3E) 3.5Answer: C) ...
The primary function of catalase is to
The primary function of catalase is toA) Detoxify peroxidesB) Reduce the disulfide groupC) Convert hydrogen peroxide to waterD) Generate ROSE) Oxidize...
Nonshivering thermogenesis is regulated by which of the following?
Nonshivering thermogenesis is regulated by which of the following?A) NorepinephrineB) ThermogeninC) UCP2D) ATPE) GTPAnswer: A) Norepinephr...
Which of the following is not a step in the ATP synthesizing process?
Which of the following is not a step in the ATP synthesizing process?A) ADP + Pi bind to the L siteB) ATP is synthesized as the L conformation converts...
Which of the following acts as an allosteric inhibitor of complex IV?
Which of the following acts as an allosteric inhibitor of complex IV?A) FMNB) NADHC) FADH2D) ATPE) ADPAnswer: D) ...
Which of the following complexes contain copper?
Which of the following complexes contain copper?A) Complex IB) Complex IIC) Complex IIID) Complex IVE) Complex VAnswer: D) Complex...
The function of complex III is the transfer of electrons from
The function of complex III is the transfer of electrons fromA) Coenzyme Q to Cyt cB) NADH to CoQC) Succinate to UQD) CoQ to NADHE) UQ to succinateAnswer: A)...
The cytochromes contain which type of prosthetic group?
The cytochromes contain which type of prosthetic group?A) FADHB) HemeC) TPPD) Zinc++E) NAD +Answer: B) H...
The energy that is captured by the electron transport system is in the form of
The energy that is captured by the electron transport system is in the form ofA) NADHB) FADH2C) ATPD) Both A and B are correctE) All of the above are...
The return of ______ into the mitochondrion is coupled to the formation of ______.
The return of ______ into the mitochondrion is coupled to the formation of ______.A) Ca+2/cAMPB) Fe+2/CoQC) ADP/NADHD) ADP/ CoASHE) H+/ATPAnswer: E)...
_________ are hydrophobic molecules that dissipate ionic gradients.
_________ are hydrophobic molecules that dissipate ionic gradients.A) UncouplersB) IonophoresC) XenobioticsD) RadicalsE) None of the above are correctAnswer: B)...
The final product of oxidative phosphorylation is ________.
The final product of oxidative phosphorylation is ________.A) WaterB) ADPC) NADPHD) ATPE) FMNH2Answer: D) ...
Which of the following is the best reducing agent?
Which of the following is the best reducing agent?A) H2OB) O2C) FADH2D) FMNH2E) NADHAnswer: E) N...
Carbon monoxide inhibits which of the following?
Carbon monoxide inhibits which of the following?A) NADH dehydrogenaseB) UbiquinoneC) Cytochrome oxidaseD) Succinate dehydrogenaseE) None of above are...
_________ is a metal cofactor of the cytochromes.
_________ is a metal cofactor of the cytochromes.A) FeB) SC) CoD) ZnE) CaAnswer: A)...
In Complex III, electrons are tranferred from UQH2 to
In Complex III, electrons are tranferred from UQH2 toA) O2B) Coenzyme QC) Cytochrome cD) FADE) NADHAnswer: C) Cytochrome...
The major sources of NADH that reduce Complex I of the ETC include
The major sources of NADH that reduce Complex I of the ETC includeA) Fatty acid oxidationB) CoQC) Pentose phosphate pathwayD) The citric acid cycleE)...
The ultimate electron acceptor of the mitochondrial electron transport system is
The ultimate electron acceptor of the mitochondrial electron transport system isA) Coenzyme QB) NADPHC) O2D) H2OE) Both C and D are correctAnswer: C)...
One of the mechanisms by which vitamin C protects membrane is by
One of the mechanisms by which vitamin C protects membrane is byA) Regenerating reduced α-tocopherolB) Reacting with prolineC) Reacting with peroxyl radicalsD)...
Examples of antioxidants include all of the following except _________
Examples of antioxidants include all of the following except _________A) Ascorbic acidB) β−CaroteneC) α-TocopherolD) HydroquinoneE) GramicidinAnswer: E)...
Glutathione peroxidase requires _____ for full activity
Glutathione peroxidase requires _____ for full activityA) SulfurB) CopperC) IronD) SeleniumE) MagnesiumAnswer: D) Selen...
The NADPH required for the generation of GSH from GSSG in synthesized by the reactions of
The NADPH required for the generation of GSH from GSSG in synthesized by the reactions ofA) The pentose phosphate pathwayB) GlycolysisC) The citric acid...
Glutathione peroxidase
Glutathione peroxidaseA) Converts organic peroxides into alcoholsB) Generates GSH from GSSGC) Reduces H2O2 into H2OD) Both A and B are correctE) Both...
ROS are generated during
ROS are generated duringA) Xenobiotic metabolismB) Respiratory burstC) Ionizing radiationD) Both A and B are correctE) All of the above are correctAnswer: E)...
The reaction of Fe+2 with H2O2 results in the production of
The reaction of Fe+2 with H2O2 results in the production ofA) Hydroxyl radicalB) Hydroxide ionC) Superoxide radicalD) Both A and B are correctE) Both...
The first ROS formed during the reduction of oxygen is ________.
The first ROS formed during the reduction of oxygen is ________.A) Hydrogen peroxideB) Hydroxyl radicalC) Singlet oxygenD) Superoxide radicalE) None of...
The control of aerobic respiration by _________ is referred to as respiratory control.
The control of aerobic respiration by _________ is referred to as respiratory control.A) HPO4-2B) NADHC) FADH2D) CitrateE) ADPAnswer: E) ...
The maximum P/O ration of FADH2 is
The maximum P/O ration of FADH2 isA) 1.5B) 1.75C) 2.0D) 2.5E) 3.0Answer: A) ...
In the ATP Synthase the Fo factor
In the ATP Synthase the Fo factorA) Has three types of subunitsB) Possesses ATPase activityC) In a transmembrane proton channelD) Both A and B are correctE)...
Examples of uncouplers include ________.
Examples of uncouplers include ________.A) DNPB) AntimycinC) GramicidinD) Both A and B are correctE) Both A and C are correctAnswer: E) Both A and...
Evidence supporting the chemiosmotic theory inculdes all of the following except
Evidence supporting the chemiosmotic theory inculdes all of the following exceptA) Inhibitors of ATP synthesis have been shown to dissipate the proton...
ATP synthesis and mitochondrial electron transport are coupled by
ATP synthesis and mitochondrial electron transport are coupled byA) Protonmotive forceB) High energy intermediatesC) Proton gradientD) Both A and C are...
During the oxidation of NADH there are several steps in which ΔEo' is sufficient for ATP synthesis. These occur within
During the oxidation of NADH there are several steps in which ΔEo' is sufficient for ATP synthesis. These occur withinA) Complexes I, II and IIIB) Complexes...
Which of the following molecules inhibits Complex I of the electron transport chain?
Which of the following molecules inhibits Complex I of the electron transport chain?A) AzideB) AmytalC) CyanideD) ArsenicE) Carbon monoxideAnswer: B)...
The ETC component that transfers electrons directly to oxygen is __________.
The ETC component that transfers electrons directly to oxygen is __________.A) Cyt cB) UQC) Cyt bc1D) Cytochrome oxidaseE) Succinate dehydrogenaseAnswer: D)...
All of the following are components of the electron transport chain except ______.
All of the following are components of the electron transport chain except ______.A) Coenzyme QB) Succinate dehydrogenaseC) Coenzyme AD) Cytochrome cE)...
Molecules involved in the conversion of oxidized proteins to their functional reduced suylfhydryl form include all of the following except
Molecules involved in the conversion of oxidized proteins to their functional reduced suylfhydryl form include all of the following exceptA) ThioredoxinB)...
In eukaryotes citrate synthetase rate is controlled primarily by
In eukaryotes citrate synthetase rate is controlled primarily byAvailability of oxaloacetateAllosteric regulatorsConcentration of maleateThe NADH/NAD+...
Facultative anaerobes
Facultative anaerobesOrganisms that possess antioxidant molecules that detoxify ROSGrow only in the absence of oxygenCan use oxygen when it is availableRequire...
Obligate anaerobes are
Obligate anaerobes areOrganisms that possess antioxidant molecules that detoxify ROSGrow only in the absence of oxygenCan use oxygen when it is availableRequire...
After the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis the release of oxygen was not immediately followed by the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere. This was true because
After the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis the release of oxygen was not immediately followed by the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere. This...
The most pivotal event in the history of life on earth was
The most pivotal event in the history of life on earth wasThe development of DNAThe development of RNAEmergence of the water splitting complex in Photosystem...
Oxygen is useful for energy generation because
Oxygen is useful for energy generation becauseIt is soluble in the cell membraneIt is abundantIt is a powerful reducing agentIt is a powerful oxidizing...
Which of the following conversions is an anaplerotic reaction of the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following conversions is an anaplerotic reaction of the citric acid cycle?A) Pyruvate to oxaloacetateB) Certain amino acids to succinyl CoAC)...
The high energy molecule produced in the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate is which of the following
The high energy molecule produced in the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate is which of the followingA) ATPB) GTPC) AMPD) NADHE) Both A and B are...
The first of two molecules of carbon dioxide is released from which of the following compounds in the citric acid cycle?
The first of two molecules of carbon dioxide is released from which of the following compounds in the citric acid cycle?A) IsocitrateB) CitrateC) α-KetoglutarateD)...
Which of the following coenzymes function as an acetyl group carrier?
Which of the following coenzymes function as an acetyl group carrier?A) Thiamine pyrophosphateB) Lipoic AcidC) NADHD) FADH2E) Coenzyme AAnswer: E)...
In biological systems most energy generating redox reactions involve hydride ion transfer or hydrogen atom transfer using which of the following?
In biological systems most energy generating redox reactions involve hydride ion transfer or hydrogen atom transfer using which of the following?A) NADHB)...
The glyoxylate cycle is a mechanism whereby plants manufacture carbohydrate from ___________.
The glyoxylate cycle is a mechanism whereby plants manufacture carbohydrate from ___________.A) Other carbohydratesB) Amino acidsC) Fatty acidsD) Carbon...
The enzyme which links the two branches of the citric acid cycle is which of the following
The enzyme which links the two branches of the citric acid cycle is which of the followingA) α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseB) Lactate dehydrogenaseC) Malate...
The primordial oxidation branch of the citric acid cycle used which of the following as the ultimate electron acceptor?
The primordial oxidation branch of the citric acid cycle used which of the following as the ultimate electron acceptor?A) PyruvateB) Carbon dioxideC)...
The primordial reductive branch of the citric acid cycle was a means of producing which of the following?
The primordial reductive branch of the citric acid cycle was a means of producing which of the following?A) ATPB) NADP+C) NADPHD) NADHE) None of the above...
The main toxic effect of oxygen is due to which of the following?
The main toxic effect of oxygen is due to which of the following?A) Sulfate formationB) ROSC) Heat production during oxidationD) ProtonsE) Hydroxide ionAnswer: B)...
The citric acid cycle is a component of aerobic respiration. Molecular oxygen
The citric acid cycle is a component of aerobic respiration. Molecular oxygenA) Is directly involved in the reactions of the cycleB) Is only indirectly...
The overall reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase is which of the following?
The overall reaction catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase is which of the following?A) CH3COCHO + NAD+ + CoASH 🡪 CH3CHOSCoA + NADHB) CH3COCOO- + FAD +CoASH...
What is the reduction potential for the overall reaction?
Pyruvate + NADH + H+ --🡪 Lactate + NAD+The half cell reaction ( with their standard reduction potentials ) arePyruvate + 2H+ + 2e- 🡪 Lactate (-0.19V)NAD+...
Which of the following is a positive effector of isocitrate dehydrogenase?
Which of the following is a positive effector of isocitrate dehydrogenase?A) ADPB) FADC) NADHD) Succinyl-CoAE) Both A and C are correctAnswer: A)...
Which of the following is not directly required for the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Which of the following is not directly required for the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase?A) CoASHB) Lipoic acidC) NAD+D) ATPE) None of the above are...
The carbon skeletons of which of the following are direct precursors of amino acids?
The carbon skeletons of which of the following are direct precursors of amino acids?A) MalateB) SuccinateC) α-KetoglutarateD) OxaloacetateE) Both C and...
Which of the following reactions involves a substrate level phosphorylation?
Which of the following reactions involves a substrate level phosphorylation?A) Pyruvate 🡪 AcetylCoAB) Succinyl CoA 🡪 SuccinateC) Citrate 🡪 IsocitrateD)...
The product of the first reaction of the citric acid cycle is ________.
The product of the first reaction of the citric acid cycle is ________.Acetyl-CoAOxaloacetatePyruvateLactateCitrateAnswer: Citr...
How many oxidations steps are there in the citric acid cycle?
How many oxidations steps are there in the citric acid cycle?A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4E) 5Answer: D)...
Which of the following reactions requires GDP
Which of the following reactions requires GDPA) Fumarate 🡪 MalateB) SuccinylCoA 🡪 SuccinateC) Malate 🡪 OxaloacetateD) Citrate 🡪 IsocitrateE) α-Ketoglutarate...
Most of the energy released during the electron transport system is used to drive ______ synthesis.
Most of the energy released during the electron transport system is used to drive ______ synthesis.ATPADPNADHNADPHFatty acidsAnswer: ...
The redox reaction in which succinate is converted to fumarate uses FAD rather than NAD+ because
The redox reaction in which succinate is converted to fumarate uses FAD rather than NAD+ becauseA) FAD is a stronger oxidizing agent than NAD+B) NAD+...
Which of the following reacts with acetylCoA to form citrate?
Which of the following reacts with acetylCoA to form citrate?A) SuccinateB) OxaloacetateC) α-KetoglutarateD) FumarateE) MalateAnswer: B) Oxaloac...
Which of the following is the strongest reducing agent? (The standard reduction potential of each species is provided in parentheses.)
Which of the following is the strongest reducing agent? (The standard reduction potential of each species is provided in parentheses.)A) FADH2 (+0.22V)B)...
Acetyl CoA that is consumed by the citric acid cycle is produced from which of the following biochemical pathways?
Acetyl CoA that is consumed by the citric acid cycle is produced from which of the following biochemical pathways?A) GlycolysisB) Fatty acid oxidationC)...
Each turn of the citric acid cycle produces how many moles of CO2 ?
Each turn of the citric acid cycle produces how many moles of CO2 ?A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4E) 5Answer: B)...
In a redox reaction, an electron acceptor is
In a redox reaction, an electron acceptor isA) Oxidized as it accepts one or more electronsB) The reducing agentC) Converted to an electron donor with...
In any redox reaction, an electron donor is
In any redox reaction, an electron donor isA) The reducing agentB) The oxidizing agentC) Reduced as it accepts electronsD) All of the above are correctE)...
Which of the following reactions has an oxidized product?
Which of the following reactions has an oxidized product?A) Carboxylic acid 🡪 aldehydeB) R-SH + RSH 🡪 R-S-S-RC) Alcohol 🡪 Ketone Wrong answer on the...
Which of the following reactions is an oxidation reaction?
Which of the following reactions is an oxidation reaction?A) NaOH +HCl 🡪 NaCl + H2OB) CH3COOH 🡪 CH3COO- +H+C) CH3CHO 🡪 CH3CH2OHD) CH3CH2OH 🡪 CH3CHOE)...
In order to determine the standard voltage of a reaction
In order to determine the standard voltage of a reactionA) The individual reaction reduction potentials must be addedB) The standard cells must be written...
Redox potential is best defined as
Redox potential is best defined asA) The tendency of one species to gain electronsB) The tendency of one species to lose electronsC) The tendency of a...
The enzymes involved in citrate metabolism include all of the following except _______.
The enzymes involved in citrate metabolism include all of the following except _______.A) Citrate synthaseB) Citrate lyaseC) Pyruvate carboxylaseD) Malate...
The regulated enzymes of the citric acid cycle include _________.
The regulated enzymes of the citric acid cycle include _________.A) Malate dehydrogenaseB) FumaraseC) Citrate lyaseD) α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseE)...
Which of the following enzymes is unique to the glyoxylate cycle __________?
Which of the following enzymes is unique to the glyoxylate cycle __________?A) AconitaseB) Malate dehydrogenaseC) FumaraseD) Succinate dehydrogenaseE)...
In the glyoxylate cycle two-carbon molecules are converted to precursors of which of the following?
In the glyoxylate cycle two-carbon molecules are converted to precursors of which of the following?A) Acetyl-CoAB) GlucoseC) PyruvateD) SuccinateE) Carbon...
NADH is produced in which of the following reactions?
NADH is produced in which of the following reactions?A) Malate 🡪 FumarateB) Succinate 🡪 FumarateC) α-Ketoglutarate 🡪 SuccinylCoAD) SuccinylCoA 🡪 FumarateE)...
FADH2 is a product of which of the following reactions?
FADH2 is a product of which of the following reactions?A) Pyruvate 🡪 Acetyl CoAB) Malate 🡪 OxaloacetateC) SuccinylCoA 🡪 SuccinateD) Succinate 🡪 FumarateE)...
Oxalosuccinate is a transient intermediate formed during which of the following reactions?
Oxalosuccinate is a transient intermediate formed during which of the following reactions?A) Citrate 🡪 IsocitrateB) Isocitrate 🡪 α-ketoglutarateC) Pyruvate...
Place the following reaction intermediates of the citric acid cycle in chronological order. i. malate, ii fumarate, iii succinylCoA, iv citrate, v α-ketoglutarate.
Place the following reaction intermediates of the citric acid cycle in chronological order. i. malate, ii fumarate, iii succinylCoA, iv citrate, v α-ketoglutarate.A),...
Which of the following compounds is an end product of anerobic respiration?
Which of the following compounds is an end product of anerobic respiration?Carbon dioxideEthanolWaterGlycogenAcetaldehydeAnswer: Etha...
The phosphorolation of glucose when it enters a cell accomplishes which of the following.
The phosphorolation of glucose when it enters a cell accomplishes which of the following.Makes the glucose more water solublePrevents back diffusion out...
A diauxic shift is
A diauxic shift isA significant change in gene expressionShifting from aerobic to anerobic respirationShifting from anerobic to aerobic respirationChange...
The Pasteur Effect is
The Pasteur Effect isFermentation of glucoseRepression of aerobic metabolism by glucoseRepression of glycolysis by oxygenRepression of glucose metabolism...
The Crabtree effect in yeast is
The Crabtree effect in yeast isFermentation of glucoseRepression of aerobic metabolism by glucoseRepression of glycolysis by oxygenRepression of glucose...
Which of the following enzymes will catalyze the first committed step in glycolysis
Which of the following enzymes will catalyze the first committed step in glycolysisPhosphofructoisomerasAldolaseTriose phosphate isomerasePhosphofructokinase...
Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate has two purposes. One is the commitment of the molecule to glycolysis, the second is
Conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate has two purposes. One is the commitment of the molecule to glycolysis, the second isA)...
Flux of which of the following sugars into the glycolytic pathway is essentially unregulated.
Flux of which of the following sugars into the glycolytic pathway is essentially unregulated.A) GlucoseB) FructoseC) Glucose-1-phosphateD) Both A and...
The principal products of the pentose phosphate pathway include
The principal products of the pentose phosphate pathway includeA) NADHB) NADPHC) ATPD) Ribose-5-phosphateE) Both B and D are correctAnswer: E) Both...
The final product of glycolysis is
The final product of glycolysis isA) Dihydroxyacetone phosphateB) PyruvateC) EthanolD) Acetyl-CoAE) AcetaldehydeAnswer: B) Pyruv...
Which of the following enzymes is not required in gluconeogenesis?
Which of the following enzymes is not required in gluconeogenesis?A) Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxekinaseB) PhosphofructokinaseC) Pyruvate kinase (also in...
The major carbohydrate fuel for most organisms is
The major carbohydrate fuel for most organisms isGlucoseFructoseRiboseSucroseAll of the aboveAnswer: Gluc...
In animals excess glucose is converted into its storage form ________
In animals excess glucose is converted into its storage form ________StarchChitinGlycogenAmyloseAmylopectinAnswer: Glyco...
Which of the following is a second messenger in glycogenolysis?
Which of the following is a second messenger in glycogenolysis?A) GlucagonB) InsulinC) GlucoseD) ATPE) cAMPAnswer: E) c...
Aldol cleavage of which of the following sugars will produce one mole each of dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde?
Aldol cleavage of which of the following sugars will produce one mole each of dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehyde?A) FructoseB) GlucoseC) RiboseD) MaltoseE)...
The use of a highly exergonic reaction in the beginning of a catabolic pathway is referred to as
The use of a highly exergonic reaction in the beginning of a catabolic pathway is referred to asA) BioactivationB) Turbo designC) ActivationD) GlycolysisE)...
Intermediates in the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway include all of the following except
Intermediates in the nonoxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway include all of the following exceptA) Dihydroxyacetone phosphateB) Sedoheptulose-7-phosphateC)...
In addition to glucose which of the following sugars are important in the human diet?
In addition to glucose which of the following sugars are important in the human diet?A) FructoseB) GalactoseC) MannoseD) SucroseE) Both A and D are correctAnswer: D)...
Which of the following is an oxidizing agent in fermentation?
Which of the following is an oxidizing agent in fermentation?A) LactateB) GlucoseC) NADHD) PyruvateE) ADPAnswer: D) Pyruv...
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by high concentrations of which of the following compounds?
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by high concentrations of which of the following compounds?A) LactateB) GlycerolC) Amino acidD) Both A and B are correctE)...
Which of the following is the most important glucogenic amino acid?
Which of the following is the most important glucogenic amino acid?A) AspartateB) AlanineC) GlycineD) GlutamateE) All are equally importantAnswer: B)...
Which of the following molecules can be used to synthesize glucose via gluconeogenesis?
Which of the following molecules can be used to synthesize glucose via gluconeogenesis?A) LactateB) PyruvateC) GlycerolD) Keto acidsE) All of the above...
Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the
Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in theA) BrainB) MuscleC) LiverD) HeartE) PancreasAnswer: C) Li...
Allosteric regulation of which of the following enzymes is important in the regulation of glycolysis?
Allosteric regulation of which of the following enzymes is important in the regulation of glycolysis?A) HexokinaseB) PFK-1C) Pyruvate kinaseD) Both A...
In anaerobic organisms pyruvate is used to regenerate cellular ________.
In anaerobic organisms pyruvate is used to regenerate cellular ________.A) NADP+B) FADHC) FADD) NAD+E) ADPAnswer: D) N...
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes an irreversible process?
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes an irreversible process?A) Pyruvate kinaseB) AldolaseC) EnolaseD) Phosphoglycerate mutaseE) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate...
The first reaction in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is catalyzed by
The first reaction in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is catalyzed byA) Ribulose-5-phosphate dehydrogenaseB) TransketolaseC) Glucose-6-phosphataseD)...
Which of the following enzymes is an oxidoreductase?
Which of the following enzymes is an oxidoreductase?A) AldolaseB) Triose phosphate isomeraseC) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehdyrogenaseD) PhosphofructokinaseE)...
The presence of which of the following molecules indicates that the cell has sufficient energy reserves?
The presence of which of the following molecules indicates that the cell has sufficient energy reserves?A) ATPB) CitrateC) ADPD) Fructose-1,6-biphosphateE)...
In glycolysis ________ moles of NADH are produced per mole of glucose consumed.
In glycolysis ________ moles of NADH are produced per mole of glucose consumed.A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4E) 5Answer: B)...
In glycolysis, net ________ moles of ATP are produced per mole of glucose consumed.
In glycolysis, net ________ moles of ATP are produced per mole of glucose consumed.A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4E) 5Answer: B)...
The Embden-Myerhof pathway is also referred to as
The Embden-Myerhof pathway is also referred to asA) GluconeogenesisB) GlycogenolysisC) GlycolysisD) GlycogenesisE) Citric acid cycleAnswer: C) G...
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphateA) Is an indicator of high cellular glucose concentrationB) Is formed by PFK-1C) Activates aldolaseD) Both A and B are correctE)...
Glucose-6-phosphate is a substrate in which of the following processes?
Glucose-6-phosphate is a substrate in which of the following processes?A) GluconeogenesisB) GlycolysisC) PhotosynthesisD) GlycogenolysisE) Both A and...
Which of the following activates phosphoprotein phosphatase?
Which of the following activates phosphoprotein phosphatase?A) InsulinB) EpinephrineC) GlucagonD) ATPE) Both A and B are correctAnswer: A) Insu...
Cori's disease is caused by
Cori's disease is caused byA) Lack of insulinB) Lack of phospholylase bC) Lack of glucagonsD) A deficiency of debranching enzymeE) Deficient chromium...
Phosphorylase kinase
Phosphorylase kinaseA) Converts inactive phosphorylase to active phosphorylaseB) Converts active phosphorylase to inactive phosphorylaseC) Phosphorylates...
Under stressful conditions epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla. The release of epinephrine has which of the following effects on glucose metabolism?
Under stressful conditions epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla. The release of epinephrine has which of the following effects on glucose...
The binding of insulin to receptors on the surface of muscle cells stimulates which of the following processes
The binding of insulin to receptors on the surface of muscle cells stimulates which of the following processesA) GlycogenolysisB) GlycogenesisC) Release...
Regulation of glycolysis involves all of the following except
Regulation of glycolysis involves all of the following exceptA) InsulinB) GlucagonC) SREBP1cD) AMPKE) None of the aboveAnswer: E) None of the ab...
A glycogen molecule that has been degraded to its branch points is called
A glycogen molecule that has been degraded to its branch points is calledA) DextrinB) GlucoseC) AmyloseD) Limit dextrinE) Both A and B are correctAnswer: D)...
Which of the following is required for the conversion of UDP-glucose to glycogen?
Which of the following is required for the conversion of UDP-glucose to glycogen?A) Glycogen synthaseB) Branching enzymeC) Glucose phosphorlyaseD) Debranching...
The conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to UDP-glucose has a ΔG0' near zero. Which of the following reactions is coupled with the above reaction to drive it to completion?
The conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to UDP-glucose has a ΔG0' near zero. Which of the following reactions is coupled with the above reaction to drive...
An enzyme family called the _________ catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexoses in the body.
An enzyme family called the _________ catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexoses in the body.A) HexolysasesB) PhosphorolysasesC) HexokinasesD) GlucokinasesE)...
Hexokinase D is found in the _______.
Hexokinase D is found in the _______.A) KidneyB) LiverC) HeartD) MuscleE) IntestineAnswer: B) Li...
Both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis are controlled primarily by the interplay between the two hormones insulin and ________.
Both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis are controlled primarily by the interplay between the two hormones insulin and ________.A) Glycogen synthetaseB)...
The biochemical property of lectins that is the basis for most of their biological effects is their ability to bind to:
The biochemical property of lectins that is the basis for most of their biological effects is their ability to bind to:A) amphipathic molecules.B) hydrophobic...
Which of the following is a dominant feature of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria?
Which of the following is a dominant feature of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria?A) AmyloseB) CelluloseC) GlycoproteinsD)...
In glycoproteins, the carbohydrate moiety is always attached through the amino acid residues:
In glycoproteins, the carbohydrate moiety is always attached through the amino acid residues:A) asparagine, serine, or threonine.B) aspartate or glutamate.C)...
The basic structure of a proteoglycan consists of a core protein and a:
The basic structure of a proteoglycan consists of a core protein and a:A) glycolipid.B) glycosaminoglycan.C) lectin.D) lipopolysaccharide.E) peptidoglycan.Answer: B)...
Which of the following is a heteropolysaccharide?
Which of the following is a heteropolysaccharide?A) CelluloseB) ChitinC) GlycogenD) HyaluronateE) StarchAnswer: D) Hyaluron...
Which of the following statements about starch and glycogen is false?
Which of the following statements about starch and glycogen is false?A) Amylose is unbranched; amylopectin and glycogen contain many (α1 → 6) branches.B)...
Starch and glycogen are both polymers of:
Starch and glycogen are both polymers of:A) fructose.B) glucose1-phosphate.C) sucrose.D) α-D-glucose.E) β-D-glucose.Answer: D) α-D-gluco...
From the abbreviated name of the compound Gal(β1 → 4)Glc, we know that:
From the abbreviated name of the compound Gal(β1 → 4)Glc, we know that:A) C-4 of glucose is joined to C-1 of galactose by a glycosidic bond.B) the compound...
D-Glucose is called a reducing sugar because it undergoes an oxidation-reduction reaction at the anomeric carbon. One of the products of this reaction is:
D-Glucose is called a reducing sugar because it undergoes an oxidation-reduction reaction at the anomeric carbon. One of the products of this reaction...
Which of the following monosaccharides is not a carboxylic acid?
Which of the following monosaccharides is not a carboxylic acid?A) 6-phospho-gluconateB) gluconateC) glucoseD) glucuronateE) muramic acidAnswer: C)...
Which of the following is not a reducing sugar?
Which of the following is not a reducing sugar?A) FructoseB) GlucoseC) GlyceraldehydeD) RiboseE) SucroseAnswer: E) Sucr...
Which of the following pairs is interconverted in the process of mutarotation?
Which of the following pairs is interconverted in the process of mutarotation?A) D-glucose and D-fructoseB) D-glucose and D-galactoseC) D-glucose and...
When the linear form of glucose cyclizes, the product is a(n):
When the linear form of glucose cyclizes, the product is a(n):A) anhydride.B) glycoside.C) hemiacetal.D) lactone.E) oligosaccharide.Answer: C) h...
Which of following is an anomeric pair?
Which of following is an anomeric pair?A) D-glucose and D-fructoseB) D-glucose and L-fructoseC) D-glucose and L-glucoseD) α-D-glucose and β-D-glucoseE)...
Which of the following is an epimeric pair?
Which of the following is an epimeric pair?A) D-glucose and D-glucosamineB) D-glucose and D-mannoseC) D-glucose and L-glucoseD) D-lactose and D-sucroseE)...
When two carbohydrates are epimers:
When two carbohydrates are epimers:A) one is a pyranose, the other a furanose.B) one is an aldose, the other a ketose.C) they differ in length by one...
The reference compound for naming D and L isomers of sugars is:
The reference compound for naming D and L isomers of sugars is:A) fructose.B) glucose.C) glyceraldehyde.D) ribose.E) sucrose.Answer: C) glyceral...
Which of the following monosaccharides is not an aldose?
Which of the following monosaccharides is not an aldose?A) erythroseB) fructoseC) glucoseD) glyceraldehydeE) riboseAnswer: B) fruct...
To possess optical activity, a compound must be:
To possess optical activity, a compound must be:A) a carbohydrate.B) a hexose.C) asymmetric.D) colored.E) D-glucose.Answer: C) asymmetr...
A potassium ion gradient is set up in insect Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in the lumen of the tubules than in hemolymph. How would the potassium gradient affect water movement?
A potassium ion gradient is set up in insect Malpighian tubules through an active transport process. As a result, potassium concentration is higher in...
Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates?
Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates?A) The kidneys require constant and abnormally high oxygen...
The figure above shows a nephron. Filtration takes place in the structure labeled _____.
The figure above shows a nephron. Filtration takes place in the structure labeled _____.A) aB) bC) cD) dAnswer:&nbs...
African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?
African lungfish, which are often found in small, stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?A)...
Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?
Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?A) An input of energy is required for transport.B) Lipid-soluble molecules pass...
Through studies of insect Malpighian tubules, researchers found that K+ accumulated on the inner face of the tubule, against its concentration gradient. What can you infer about the mechanism of transport?
Through studies of insect Malpighian tubules, researchers found that K+ accumulated on the inner face of the tubule, against its concentration gradient....
The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that _____.
The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that _____.A) urea can be exchanged for Na+B) urea is less toxic than...
In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of _____.
In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of _____.A) starch and celluloseB) triglycerides and steroidsC) proteins and nucleic...
Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _____.
Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _____.A) is readily soluble in waterB) is metabolically less expensive to synthesize...
Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by _____.
Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by _____.A) frogsB) kangaroo ratsC) humansD) freshwater bassAnswer:&nbs...
Urea is produced in the _____.
Urea is produced in the _____.A) liver from NH3 and carbon dioxideB) liver from glycogenC) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acidsD) bladder from uric acid...
Urea is _____.
Urea is _____.A) insoluble in waterB) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humansC) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birdsD) the primary...
Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?
Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?A) ammoniaB) ammonium ionsC) ureaD) uric acidAnswer:&nbs...
Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include _____.
Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include _____.A) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fishB)...
Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to _____.
Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to _____.A) a condition called diabetes, where excessive urine formation occursB) a condition...
One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What is another waste product that accumulates during normal physiological functions in vertebrates?
One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What is another waste...
The fluid with the highest osmolarity is _____.
The fluid with the highest osmolarity is _____.A) distilled waterB) plasma in birdsC) plasma in mammalsD) seawater in a tidal poolAnswer:&nbs...
A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will _____.
A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will _____.A) thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at...
Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by _____.
Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless,...
The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that _____.
The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that _____.A) loss of...
Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?
Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production?A) a vampire batB) a salmon in fresh waterC) a marine bony fishD) a...
Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of water loss?
Terrestrial organisms lose water through evaporation. In what ecosystem might an entomologist find a good study organism to examine the prevention of...
A necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because _____.
A necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because _____.A)...
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be _____ with its _____ environment.
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be _____ with its _____ environment.A) isoosmotic; freshwaterB) hyperosmotic; saltwaterC) isoosmotic; saltwaterD)...
Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are _____.
Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are _____.A) hyperosmoticB) hypoosmoticC) isoosmoticD) hyperosmotic and isoosmoticAns...
Tissues of sharks are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes. What can you infer about the movement of sodium and chloride in these animals?
Tissues of sharks are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids...
What role do chloride cells play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons?
What role do chloride cells play in osmoregulation of marine fish with bony skeletons?A) They actively transport chloride into the gills.B) They mediate...
Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater. The fish then migrate to the ocean (a hypertonic solution) and, after several years of feeding and growing, return to freshwater to breed. How can these organisms make the transition from freshwater to ocean water and back to freshwater?
Salmon eggs hatch in freshwater. The fish then migrate to the ocean (a hypertonic solution) and, after several years of feeding and growing, return to...
Single-celled Paramecium live in pond water (a hypotonic environment). They have a structural feature, a contractile vacuole, which enables them to osmoregulate. If you observed them in the following solutions, at which sucrose concentration (in millimolars, mM) would you expect the contractile vacuole to be most active?
Single-celled Paramecium live in pond water (a hypotonic environment). They have a structural feature, a contractile vacuole, which enables them to osmoregulate....
Sharks live in seawater. Their tissues are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and extracellular fluids are similar to those of freshwater fishes. How is that possible?
Sharks live in seawater. Their tissues are isotonic to seawater, but their concentrations of sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions in cells and...
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