Differentiate among the three types of joints based on structural and functional classification. Provide examples of each type of joint.

Differentiate among the three types of joints based on structural and functional classification. Provide examples of each type of joint.

1. synarthroses are immovable joints, example is skull sutures.
2. amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints. Pubic symphysis is an exmaple.
3. Diarthroses are freely movable joints. Example is the shoulder.

Explain the 5 functions of the skeletal system.

Explain the 5 functions of the skeletal system.

1. support - forms the bodys framework
2. movement - muscles attached to bones by tendons use bones as levers to move
3. protection - protect the enclosed soft body organs
4. storage - fat is stored in internal cavities of bones
5. hematopoiesis - blood cells formation

List and discuss the structures of a long bone.

List and discuss the structures of a long bone.

1. Diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone. made of compact bone. covered by the periosteum and contains a hollow cavity to store yellow marrow.
2. Epiphyses are the rounded ends of a long bone. Contains an outer layer of compact bone and an inner core of spongy bone. 
3. Epiphyseal line/plate is the junction between the epiphyses and diaphysis. Causes lengthwise growth of bone.

List and explain the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.

List and explain the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.

1. hematoma formation. Hematoma forms when bone breaks and blood vessels rupture.
2. Fibrocatilaginous callus formation. Site of damage experiences growth of new capillaries into the clotted blood.
3. Bony callus formation - as more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area, fibrocartilage is replaced by a callus of spongy bone.
4. bone remodeling

Differentiate the roles of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in bone.

Differentiate the roles of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in bone.

Answer: Osteoclasts are bone destroying cells that break down bone matrix and release calcium ions in the blood. osteoblasts are bone forming cells, they add tissue to growing bone. osteocytes are mature bone cells. They were osteoblasts that laid down bone matrix, but became trapped in it.

Cells that can build bony matrix

Cells that can build bony matrix

a. epiphyseal plate
b. canaliculi
c. Sharpey's fibers
d. osteoblasts
e. osteons
f. epiphyseal line
g. lacunae
h. lamellae
i. osteocytes
j. osteoclasts


Answer: osteoblasts

Area where bone growth takes place

Area where bone growth takes place

a. epiphyseal plate
b. canaliculi
c. Sharpey's fibers
d. osteoblasts
e. osteons
f. epiphyseal line
g. lacunae
h. lamellae
i. osteocytes
j. osteoclasts


Answer: epiphyseal plate

Wrist joint

Wrist joint

a. hinge
b. ball-and socket
c. plane
d. pivot
e. saddle
f. condyloid


Answer: plane

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are _____, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called _____.

Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are _____, whereas articulations permitting no movement are called _____.

a. amphiarthroses; synarthroses
b. synarthroses; amphiarthroses
c. diarthroses; amphiarthroses
d. amphiarthroses; diarthroses
e. diarthroses; synarthroses


Answer: a

Fracture in which broken bone ends are forced into each other

Fracture in which broken bone ends are forced into each other

a. comminuted
b. compression
c. greenstick
d. depressed
e. impacted


Answer: impacted

Type of fracture in which bone is crushed

Type of fracture in which bone is crushed

a. comminuted
b. compression
c. greenstick
d. depressed
e. impacted

Answer: compression

Layers of calcification that are found in bone

Layers of calcification that are found in bone

a. epiphyseal plate
b. canaliculi
c. Sharpey's fibers
d. osteoblasts
e. osteons
f. epiphyseal line
g. lacunae
h. lamellae
i. osteocytes
j. osteoclasts


Answer: lamellae

Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone

Small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone

a. epiphyseal plate
b. canaliculi
c. Sharpey's fibers
d. osteoblasts
e. osteons
f. epiphyseal line
g. lacunae
h. lamellae
i. osteocytes
j. osteoclasts


Answer: b

The bone cells within lacunae receive nourishment from blood vessels through passageways called:

The bone cells within lacunae receive nourishment from blood vessels through passageways called:

a. Haversian canals
b. perforating canals
c. lamellae
d. medullary cavities
e. canaliculi


Answer: e

Which of these are bone-forming cells:

Which of these are bone-forming cells:

a. osteocytes
b. canaliculi
c. osteoclasts
d. osteoblasts
e. lamellae


Answer: d

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains:

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains:

a. cartilage and lamellae
b. osteoclasts and osteoblasts
c. yellow marrow and Sharpey's fibers
d. blood vessels and nerve fibers
e. red marrow


Answer: d

The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called:

The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called:

a. lacunae
b. Volkmann's canals
c. Haversian canals
d. trabeculae
e. lamellae


Answer: a

A compound fracture can be described as when:

A compound fracture can be described as when:

a. the bone is crushed
b. the broken bone ends are forced into each other
c. the broken bone is exposed to the outside
d. the bone is broken into many fragments
e. adjacent bones fracture simultaneously


Answer: c

In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to:

In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to:

a. store adipose tissue
b. form blood cells
c. store calcium and phosphorus
d. cause lengthwise growth in long bones
e. decrease friction at joint surfaces


Answer: a