The four major tissue types are _______, _______, _______, and _______.

Answer: Epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective

A gene segment of DNA contains the blueprint for building one _______.

Answer: Protein

The main reason cells go through mitosis is to _______ and _______.

Answer: Grow, repair

Cells in a _______ solution will burst (lyse) as water rushes into the cell in an attempt to reach osmotic balance.

Answer: Hypotonic

Movement of solutes through cells from a higher to a lower concentration is called _______.

Answer: Diffusion

The job of the Golgi apparatus is to package _______ for export from the cell.

Answer: Proteins

Microvilli and cell junctions are specializations of which major cell region?

Answer: Plasma membrane

Specialized cellular structures called _______ carry out necessary tasks to support life.

Answer: Organelles

The essential nutrient _______ comprises over 60% of any living organism's cells.

Answer: Water

Cells build the majority of their components from _______.

Answer: Proteins

You have two beakers. One contains a solution of HCl at pH = 1.0. The other contains a solution of NaOH at pH = 13. Into a third beaker, you slowly and cautiously pour 20 mL of the HCL and 20 mL of the NaOH. After complete stirring, the pH of the mixture will be

You have two beakers. One contains a solution of HCl at pH = 1.0. The other contains a solution of NaOH at pH = 13. Into a third beaker, you slowly and cautiously pour 20 mL of the HCL and 20 mL of the NaOH. After complete stirring, the pH of the mixture will be

A) 2.0.
B) 12.0.
C) 7.0.
D) 5.0.
E) 9.0


Answer: C) 7.0.

You have two beakers; one contains pure water, the other contains pure methanol (wood alcohol). The covalent bonds of methanol molecules are nonpolar, so there are no hydrogen bonds among methanol molecules. You pour crystals of table salt (NaCl) into each beaker. Predict what will happen.

You have two beakers; one contains pure water, the other contains pure methanol (wood alcohol). The covalent bonds of methanol molecules are nonpolar, so there are no hydrogen bonds among methanol molecules. You pour crystals of table salt (NaCl) into each beaker. Predict what will happen.

A) Equal amounts of NaCl crystals will dissolve in both water and methanol.
B) NaCl crystals will NOT dissolve in either water or methanol.
C) NaCl crystals will dissolve readily in water but will not dissolve in methanol.
D) NaCl crystals will dissolve readily in methanol but will not dissolve in water.
E) When the first crystals of NaCl are added to water or to methanol, they will not dissolve; but as more crystals are added, the crystals will begin to dissolve faster and faster.


Answer: C) NaCl crystals will dissolve readily in water but will not dissolve in methanol.

Equal volumes of vinegar from a freshly-opened bottle are added to each of the following solutions. After complete mixing, which of the mixtures will have the highest pH?

Equal volumes of vinegar from a freshly-opened bottle are added to each of the following solutions. After complete mixing, which of the mixtures will have the highest pH?

A) 100 mL of pure water
B) 100 mL of freshly-brewed coffee
C) 100 mL of household cleanser containing 0.5M ammonia
D) 100 mL of freshly-squeezed orange juice
E) 100 mL of tomato juice


Answer: C) 100 mL of household cleanser containing 0.5M ammonia

A 100 mL beaker contains 10 mL of NaOH solution at pH = 13. A technician carefully pours into the beaker, 10 mL of HCl at pH = 1. Which of the following statements correctly describes the results of this mixing?

A 100 mL beaker contains 10 mL of NaOH solution at pH = 13. A technician carefully pours into the beaker, 10 mL of HCl at pH = 1. Which of the following statements correctly describes the results of this mixing?

A) The concentration of Na+ ion rises.
B) The concentration of Cl- ion falls.
C) The concentration of undissociated H2O molecules remains unchanged.
D) The pH of the beakerʹs contents rises.
E) The pH of the beakerʹs contents falls.


Answer: E) The pH of the beakerʹs contents falls.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is readily soluble in water, according to the equation CO2 + H2O → H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a weak acid. Respiring cells release CO2. What prediction can we make about the pH of blood as that blood first comes in contact with respiring cells?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is readily soluble in water, according to the equation CO2 + H2O → H2CO3. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a weak acid. Respiring cells release CO2. What prediction can we make about the pH of blood as that blood first comes in contact with respiring cells?

A) Blood pH will decrease slightly.
B) Blood pH will increase slightly.
C) Blood pH will remain unchanged.
D) Blood pH will first increase, then decrease as CO2 combines with hemoglobin.
E) Blood pH will first decrease, then increase sharply as CO2 combines with hemoglobin.


Answer: A) Blood pH will decrease slightly.

Pure, freshly-distilled water has a pH of 7. This means that

Pure, freshly-distilled water has a pH of 7. This means that

A) there are no H+ ions in the water.
B) there are no OH- ions in the water.
C) the concentration of H+ ions in the water equals the concentration of OH- ions in the water.
D) the concentration of H+ ions in the water is 7 times the concentration of OH- ions in the water.
E) The concentration of OH- ions in the water is 7 times the concentration of H+ ions in the water.


Answer: C) the concentration of H+ ions in the water equals the concentration of OH- ions in the water.

Consider two solutions: solution X has a pH of 4; solution Y has a pH of 7. From this information, we can reasonably conclude that

Consider two solutions: solution X has a pH of 4; solution Y has a pH of 7. From this information, we can reasonably conclude that

A) solution Y has no free hydrogen ions (H+).
B) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 30 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y.
C) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y is 1,000 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X.
D) the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is 3 times as great as the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y.
E) None of the other answer choices correctly describes these solutions.


Answer: E) None of the other answer choices correctly describes these solutions.

Research indicates that acid precipitation can damage living organisms by

Research indicates that acid precipitation can damage living organisms by

A) buffering aquatic systems such as lakes and streams.
B) decreasing the H+ concentration of lakes and streams.
C) increasing the OH- concentration of lakes and streams.
D) washing away certain mineral ions that help buffer soil solution and are essential nutrients for plant growth.
E) both B and C


Answer: D) washing away certain mineral ions that help buffer soil solution and are essential nutrients for plant growth.

Assume that acid rain has lowered the pH of a particular lake to pH 4.0. What is the hydroxyl ion concentration of this lake?

Assume that acid rain has lowered the pH of a particular lake to pH 4.0. What is the hydroxyl ion concentration of this lake?

A) 1 × 10-10 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water
B) 1 × 10-4 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water
C) 10.0 M with regard to hydroxyl ion concentration
D) 4.0 M with regard to hydroxyl ion concentration
E) both B and D


Answer: A) 1 × 10-10 mol of hydroxyl ion per liter of lake water

Buffers are substances that help resist shifts in pH by

Buffers are substances that help resist shifts in pH by

A) releasing H+ in acidic solutions.
B) donating H+ to a solution when they have been depleted.
C) releasing OH- in basic solutions.
D) accepting H+ when the are in excess.
E) Both B and D are correct.


Answer: E) Both B and D are correct.