Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of 

a. vitamin A.
b. vitamin B12.
c. vitamin C.
d. niacin.
e. riboflavin.



Answer: C

Assuming they all weigh the same and maintain the same body temperature, which of the following would lose heat fastest?

Assuming they all weigh the same and maintain the same body temperature, which of the following would lose heat fastest? 

a. a short, thickly built person
b. a tall, very slender person
c. a person of average build



Answer: B

Two individuals are the same age, sex, and ethnic background. While being tested for their BMR, Bill consumes 20 liters of oxygen/hour and Randy consumes 16 liters of oxygen/hour. Which of the two needs to consume more calories in order to maintain proper health and constant weight?

Two individuals are the same age, sex, and ethnic background. While being tested for their BMR, Bill consumes 20 liters of oxygen/hour and Randy consumes 16 liters of oxygen/hour. Which of the two needs to consume more calories in order to maintain proper health and constant weight? 

a. Bill
b. Randy
c. neither Bill nor Randy


Answer: A

Which of the following individuals would have the greater BMR?

Which of the following individuals would have the greater BMR? 

a. a nursing mother 34 years old
b. a non-nursing woman 34 years old
c. On average, they will be equal.

Answer: A

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. 

a. A
b. B12
c. C
d. D
e. E

Answer: D

A growing child is in a state of

A growing child is in a state of 

a. nitrogen equilibrium.
b. positive nitrogen balance.
c. negative nitrogen balance.

Answer: B

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the 

a. postabsorptive state.
b. absorptive state.
c. starvation state.
d. deprivation state.
e. preabsorptive state.

Answer: A

The essential fatty acids are

The essential fatty acids are 

a. linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
b. leucine and lysine.
c. cholesterol and glycerol.
d. HDLs and LDLs.
e. both A and D

Answer: A

Which of the following complements the actions of glucocorticoids?

Which of the following complements the actions of glucocorticoids? 

a. insulin
b. growth hormone
c. glucagon
d. epinephrine
e. androgens

Answer: B

Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues?

Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues? 

a. They decrease the use of glucose.
b. They increase gluconeogenesis.
c. They increase glycogenolysis.
d. A and B only
e. A, B, and C

Answer: E

Liver is to ________ as adipose tissue is to ________.

Liver is to ________ as adipose tissue is to ________. 

a. focal point of metabolic regulation and control; storage of lipids
b. storage of vitamin C; source of leptin
c. cholesterol; triglycerides
d. both A and B
e. both A and C

Answer: E

In the human body, cholesterol is important because it

In the human body, cholesterol is important because it 

a. helps waterproof the epidermis.
b. is a lipid component of all cell membranes.
c. is a key constituent of bile.
d. is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3.
e. all of the above

Answer: E

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as 

a. protein deficiency disease.
b. Kwashiorkor.
c. avitaminosis.
d. carbohydrate loading.
e. hypervitaminosis.

Answer: E

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual.

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual. 

a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
e. 30

Answer: D

The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as

The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as 

a. carbohydrate craving.
b. the Atkins diet.
c. carbohydrate loading.
d. glycolysis reaction.
e. overeating.

Answer: C

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as 

a. gout.
b. rheumatoid arthritis.
c. anorexia nervosa.
d. lupus.
e. none of the above

Answer: A

A malfunction of the thermoregulatory mechanisms caused by fluid loss in sweat is known as

A malfunction of the thermoregulatory mechanisms caused by fluid loss in sweat is known as 

a. thermoneogenesis.
b. heat exhaustion.
c. hydrosis.
d. afebrile reaction.
e. dehydration reaction.

Answer: B

Each cytochrome contains

Each cytochrome contains 

a. a protein.
b. a pigment.
c. a coenzyme.
d. both A and B
e. both A and C

Answer: D

In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another.

In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another. 

a. a hydrogen ion
b. a coenzyme
c. the acetyl group
d. a cytochrome
e. B or D

Answer: E

The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid.

The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid. 

a. inner membrane
b. plasma membrane
c. outer membrane
d. matrix
e. cristae

Answer: C

Cells must synthesize new organic compounds

Cells must synthesize new organic compounds 

a. to support growth.
b. to perform structural maintenance or repairs.
c. to produce secretions.
d. to store nutrient reserves.
e. all of the above

Answer: E

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. 

a. cytoplasm
b. the plasma membrane
c. the mitochondria
d. the endoplasmic reticulum
e. none of the above

Answer: C

More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of

More than half the heat is lost from the body indoors through the process of 

a. radiation.
b. conduction.
c. convection.
d. evaporation.
e. concentration.

Answer: A

All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting, except that

All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting, except that 

a. blood flow to the skin increases.
b. shivering thermogenesis occurs.
c. nonshivering thermogenesis occurs.
d. epinephrine levels rise.
e. blood returning from limbs is shunted to deep veins.

Answer: A

When the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus exceeds its thermostat setting,

When the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus exceeds its thermostat setting, 

a. peripheral vasoconstriction occurs.
b. skin blood flow increases.
c. tidal volume increases.
d. sweat glands are inhibited.
e. both B and C



Answer: E

A T4 assay is used to

A T4 assay is used to 

a. determine the number of calories in food.
b. directly measure the basal metabolic rate.
c. obtain an index of metabolic activity.
d. monitor the energy efficiency of metabolism.
e. determine the amount of oxygen consumed during metabolism.

Answer: C

Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following, except

Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include all of the following, except 

a. physical exertion.
b. age.
c. body weight.
d. genetics.
e. gender.

Answer: A

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is

The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is 

a. folic acid (folate).
b. pantothenic acid.
c. pyridoxine (B6).
d. riboflavin.
e. niacin.

Answer: B

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is

A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is 

a. pyridoxine (B6).
b. pantothenic acid.
c. riboflavin.
d. folic acid (folate).
e. niacin.

Answer: A

The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is

The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is 

a. thiamine.
b. riboflavin.
c. niacin.
d. folic acid (folate).
e. cobalamin.

Answer: B

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is

The vitamin whose deficiency causes beriberi is 

a. thiamine.
b. riboflavin.
c. niacin.
d. folic acid (folate).
e. cobalamin.

Answer: A

A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is

A cation that often acts as a cofactor for enzymes is 

a. sodium.
b. potassium.
c. calcium.
d. magnesium.
e. zinc.

Answer: D

An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion.

An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion. 

a. chloride
b. sulfate
c. phosphate
d. bicarbonate
e. iodide

Answer: C

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are 

a. carbohydrates.
b. proteins.
c. fats.
d. nucleic acids.
e. vitamins.

Answer: C

Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following, except

Nitrogen compounds of the body include all of the following, except 

a. amino acids.
b. oxaloacetic acid.
c. creatine.
d. porphyrin.
e. purines.

Answer: B

A balanced diet should

A balanced diet should 

a. include adequate substrates for the production of energy.
b. provide essential amino acids and fatty acids.
c. contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals.
d. all of the above
e. B and C only

Answer: D

During starvation

During starvation 

a. carbohydrate utilization increases.
b. gluconeogenesis accelerates.
c. there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies.
d. muscle proteins are used as an energy source.
e. both B and D

Answer: E

N compounds include

N compounds include 

a. amino acids.
b. purines.
c. pyrimidines.
d. creatine.
e. all of the above

Answer: E

For adults there are ________ essential amino acids.

For adults there are ________ essential amino acids. 

a. 2
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10
e. 20

Answer: D

Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin ________.

Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin ________. 

a. A
b. C
c. B12
d. B6
e. B9

Answer: D

Sometimes called "good cholesterol," ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

Sometimes called "good cholesterol," ________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. 

a. very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
b. low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
c. intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)
d. high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
e. very-high-density lipoproteins (VHDLs)

Answer: D

The largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to 0.5 µm, ________ are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food.

The largest lipoproteins, ranging in diameter up to 0.5 µm, ________ are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food. 

a. very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
b. low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
c. intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs)
d. high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
e. chylomicrons

Answer: E

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of 

a. transport proteins.
b. lipoproteins.
c. essential fatty acids.
d. essential amino acids.
e. vitamins.

Answer: C

Lipogenesis generally begins with

Lipogenesis generally begins with 

a. glucose.
b. amino acids.
c. fatty acids.
d. acetyl-CoA.
e. succinyl-CoA.

Answer: D

Lipids

Lipids 

a. deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose.
b. are difficult to store since they are not water soluble.
c. yield quick bursts of energy.
d. provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.
e. both B and C

Answer: D

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation, except that

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation, except that 

a. it occurs in the mitochondria.
b. fatty acids break down into two-carbon fragments that enter the TCA cycle.
c. lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.
d. it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD.
e. it yields large amounts of ATP.

Answer: C

During lipolysis

During lipolysis 

a. triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA.
b. triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
c. lipids are converted into glucose molecules.
d. lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates.
e. lipids are metabolized to yield ATP.

Answer: B

During glycolysis

During glycolysis 

a. a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
b. four molecules of ATP are produced.
c. two molecules of ATP are consumed
d. A and B only
e. A, B, and C

Answer: E

Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons?

Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? 

a. structural maintenance
b. growth and repair
c. secrete
d. all of the above
e. A and B only

Answer: D

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called 

a. glycolysis.
b. oxidative phosphorylation.
c. catabolism.
d. anabolism.
e. metabolism.

Answer: E

Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called:

Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called:

a.
sensory nerves
c.
mixed nerves
b.
motor nerves
d.
Schwann nerves





Answer: A

A multipolar neuron contains:

A multipolar neuron contains:

a.
multiple extensions from the cell body
c.
only one extension from the cell body
b.
exactly two extensions from the cell body
d.
none of the above



Answer: A

Dendrites conduct impulses:

Dendrites conduct impulses:

a.
toward cell bodies
c.
within cell bodies
b.
away from cell bodies
d.
none of the above



Answer: A

Axons and dendrites are classified as:

Axons and dendrites are classified as:

a.
the nerve cell body
c.
both a and b
b.
nerve fibers
d.
none of the above



Answer: B

Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)?

Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)?

a.
phenelzine
c.
amitriptyline
b.
imipramine
d.
cocaine



Answer: A

Which of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with the states of depression and mania?

Which of the following neurotransmitters is not associated with the states of depression and mania?

a.
serotonin
c.
norepinephrine
b.
enkephalins
d.
dopamine

Answer: B

A lack of this/these neurotransmitter(s) in the basal ganglia is/are associated with Parkinson's disease.

A lack of this/these neurotransmitter(s) in the basal ganglia is/are associated with Parkinson's disease.

a.
norepinephrine
c.
dopamine
b.
endorphins
d.
enkephalins




Answer: C

Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of:

Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of:

a.
acetylcholine
c.
amino acids
b.
amines
d.
neuropeptides




Answer: D

The neurotransmitters in the brain that affect learning, motor control, and emotions are:

The neurotransmitters in the brain that affect learning, motor control, and emotions are:

a.
acetylcholine
c.
amino acids
b.
amines
d.
neuropeptides

Answer: C

The main chemical classes of neurotransmitters include all the following except:

The main chemical classes of neurotransmitters include all the following except:

a.
acetylcholine
c.
amines
b.
norepinephrine
d.
neuropeptides




Answer: B

Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to:

Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to:

a.
presynaptic terminals
c.
the base of the axon
b.
the synaptic cleft
d.
receptors on the postsynaptic terminal



Answer: D

Serotonin is an example of a(n):

Serotonin is an example of a(n):

a.
amino acid neurotransmitter
c.
acetylcholine derivative
b.
amine neurotransmitter
d.
neuropeptide neurotransmitter



Answer: B

Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters?

Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters?

a.
triglycerides
c.
amino acids
b.
amines
d.
neuropeptides

Answer: A

There are approximately different neurotransmitters in the brain and spinal cord.

There are approximately different neurotransmitters in the brain and spinal cord.

a.
2
c.
20
b.
10
d.
30




Answer: D

Which of the following is true of spatial summation?

Which of the following is true of spatial summation?

a.
simultaneous stimulation of more than one postsynaptic neuron occurs
b.
impulses are fired in a rapid succession by the same neuron
c.
neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several presynaptic knobs converge on one postsynaptic neuron
d.
speed of impulse transmission is increased when several neurotransmitters are released

Answer: C

In order for a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, which of the following channels must open?

In order for a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, which of the following channels must open?

a.
sodium and potassium channels
c.
sodium and chloride channels
b.
potassium and/or chloride channels
d.
only the sodium channels



Answer: B

When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called:

When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called:

a.
repolarization
c.
saltatory conduction
b.
refraction
d.
diffusion




Answer: C

Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to:

Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to:

a.
increase the speed of impulse conduction
c.
initiate an action potential
b.
make the cell membrane impermeable
d.
make the resting potential more negative





Answer: C

When an impulse reaches a synapse:

When an impulse reaches a synapse:

a.
two nerve fibers come in direct contact
c.
an electrical spark will jump the gap
b.
impulses will pass in either direction
d.
chemical transmitters are released




Answer: D

A synaptic knob would be located on a(n):

A synaptic knob would be located on a(n):

a.
cell body
c.
dendrite
b.
axon
d.
cell body, axon, or dendrite



Answer: B

A synapse consists of:

A synapse consists of:

a.
a synaptic knob
b.
a synaptic cleft
c.
the plasma membrane of a postsynaptic neuron
d.
all of the above





Answer: D

During a relative refractory period:

During a relative refractory period:

a.
the action potential cannot be initiated
b.
a resting potential exists
c.
the cell membrane is impermeable to Na+ and K+
d.
the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus




Answer: D

The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron's membrane when the neuron is at rest is/are:

The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron's membrane when the neuron is at rest is/are:

a.
sodium
c.
proteins
b.
potassium
d.
phosphate



Answer: B

Compared to the inside of the cell membrane, the outside of most cell membranes is:

Compared to the inside of the cell membrane, the outside of most cell membranes is:

a.
positive
b.
negative




Answer: A

Which is true of an action potential?

Which is true of an action potential?

a.
the plasma membrane is impermeable to Na+ and K + ions
b.
Na+ ions move extracellularly
c.
the charges become equal on the outside and inside of the plasma membrane
d.
the outside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged and the inside is positively charged




Answer: D

The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is:

The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is:

a.
the membrane potential moves immediately to + 30m V
b.
the potassium channels open
c.
the sodium channels are inactivated
d.
some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open




Answer: D

Which is true of a neuron with a resting potential?

Which is true of a neuron with a resting potential?

a.
the cell membrane is permeable to Na+ but impermeable to K + ions
b.
the outer surface of the plasma membrane has a negative charge
c.
the highest concentration of K+ is extracellular
d.
the sodium pump has moved Na+ to the outside of the plasma membrane




Answer: D

Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have:

Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have:

a.
nodes of Ranvier
c.
a myelin sheath
b.
a neurilemma
d.
neurofibrils




Answer: B

Which sequence best represents the course of an impulse over a reflex arc?

Which sequence best represents the course of an impulse over a reflex arc?

a.
receptor, synapse, sensory neuron, motor neuron, effector
b.
effector, sensory neuron, synapse, motor neuron, receptor
c.
receptor, motor neuron, synapse, sensory neuron, effector
d.
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector



Answer: D

Which is true of a reflex arc?

Which is true of a reflex arc?

a.
it does not involve the brain and spinal cord
b.
it always consists of an afferent and an efferent neuron
c.
it always consists of an afferent neuron, an efferent neuron, and an interneuron
d.
it always consists of an afferent neuron, an efferent neuron, the brain, and the spinal cord




Answer: B

A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a:

A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a:

a.
multipolar neuron
c.
unipolar neuron
b.
bipolar neuron
d.
multidendritic neuron




Answer: A

Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is:

Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is:

a.
dendrite, axon, cell body, receptor
c.
axon, cell body, dendrite
b.
dendrite, cell body, axon
d.
receptor, axon, cell body




Answer: B

Which is not true of myelin sheath?

Which is not true of myelin sheath?

a.
it is associated with white fibers in the brain
b.
it is important for nerve impulse conduction
c.
it covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord
d.
it is destroyed in multiple sclerosis




Answer: C

The myelin sheath is formed by:

The myelin sheath is formed by:

a.
Nissl bodies
c.
Schwann cells
b.
nodes of Ranvier
d.
neuron cell bodies

Answer: C

The part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the:

The part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the:

a.
somatic nervous system
c.
central nervous system
b.
autonomic nervous system
d.
afferent division




Answer: A

Which of the following is not a function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

Which of the following is not a function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

a.
integrating sensory information
c.
initiating an outgoing response
b.
evaluating the information
d.
all of the above are functions




Answer: D

The largest and most numerous type(s) of neuroglia is/are the:

The largest and most numerous type(s) of neuroglia is/are the:

a.
astrocytes
c.
ependymal cells
b.
microglia
d.
oligodendrocytes




Answer: A

A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n):

A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n):

a.
motor neuron
c.
interneuron
b.
sensory neuron
d.
bipolar neuron



Answer: B