What can be done to help a resident who has gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

What can be done to help a resident who has gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? 

(A) Serve spicy foods.
(B) Ask the resident not to lie down for at least two to three hours after eating.
(C) Serve the largest meal of the day at dinner.
(D) Assist the resident to eat in a reclined position.





Answer: B

What can a nursing assistant do to help prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

What can a nursing assistant do to help prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs)? 

(A) Restrict fluids
(B) Encourage baths, rather than showers
(C) Wipe from front to back when giving perineal care
(D) Ask the resident not to drink cranberry or blueberry juice





Answer: C

A diabetic resident should

A diabetic resident should 

(A) Skip meals
(B) Go barefoot
(C) Receive careful foot care
(D) Avoid exercise





Answer: C

How does the immune system protect the body from disease?

How does the immune system protect the body from disease? 

(A) Through nonspecific and specific immunity
(B) Through hormones
(C) Through digestion and elimination
(D) Through changes in pulse rate




Answer: A

The yellowish fluid that carries disease-fighting cells is called

The yellowish fluid that carries disease-fighting cells is called 

(A) Sperm
(B) Lymph
(C) Urine
(D) Blood




Answer: B

Normal changes of aging for the female reproductive system include:

Normal changes of aging for the female reproductive system include: 

(A) Menstruation continues
(B) Increased moisture of vaginal walls
(C) Voice weakens
(D) Loss of calcium





Answer: D

Why are females more likely to have urinary tract infections than males?

Why are females more likely to have urinary tract infections than males?

(A) Due to the different location of the meatus
(B) Due to having a shorter urethra
(C) Due to not filtering blood properly in the kidneys
(D) Due to incontinence




Answer: B

What is one good way a nursing assistant can assist residents with normal changes of aging related to the urinary system?

What is one good way a nursing assistant can assist residents with normal changes of aging related to the urinary system? 

(A) Offer frequent trips to the bathroom.
(B) Withhold fluids.
(C) Scold residents who are incontinent.
(D) Make sure every resident wears incontinence briefs.





Answer: A

Residents with congestive heart failure may

Residents with congestive heart failure may 

(A) Be on a high-sodium diet
(B) Take medications that cause them to urinate less often
(C) Have a "force fluids" order
(D) Use elastic stockings to reduce swelling in feet and ankles




Answer: D

Which of the following is helpful for a resident who has had a heart attack?

Which of the following is helpful for a resident who has had a heart attack? 

(A) Smoking
(B) High-fat diet
(C) Regular exercise
(D) Cold temperatures






Answer: C

High blood pressure

High blood pressure 

(A) Can be detected just by looking at a person
(B) Cannot be treated with medication
(C) Is never a serious condition
(D) Is a measurement of 140/90 or higher




Answer: D

The respiratory system is made up of

The respiratory system is made up of 

(A) Arteries, veins, capillaries
(B) Brain, spinal cord, nerves
(C) Trachea, bronchi, lungs
(D) Atria, ventricles, aorta




Answer: C

Respiration consists of

Respiration consists of 

(A) Narrowing of blood vessels
(B) Inspiration and expiration
(C) Circulating blood in the heart
(D) Urinary elimination


Answer: B

Which of the following is helpful for numbness, tingling, and pain in the feet for a resident who has AIDS?

Which of the following is helpful for numbness, tingling, and pain in the feet for a resident who has AIDS? 

(A) Wrapping the feet tightly in elastic bandages
(B) Wearing snug, firm slippers
(C) Wearing rigid, high-topped shoes
(D) Going barefoot




Answer: D

Which of the following is one of the functions that the circulatory system performs?

Which of the following is one of the functions that the circulatory system performs? 

(A) Senses and interprets information from the environment
(B) Cushions the brain and spinal cord
(C) Allows humans to reproduce
(D) Supplies food, oxygen, and hormones to cells





Answer: D

How should a resident with COPD be positioned?

How should a resident with COPD be positioned? 

(A) Flat on his back
(B) Sitting upright
(C) Lying on his stomach
(D) Lying on his side

Answer: B

Residents with COPD have trouble with

Residents with COPD have trouble with 

(A) Breathing
(B) Urination
(C) Losing weight
(D) Vision





Answer: A

Osteoporosis causes

Osteoporosis causes 

(A) Menopause
(B) Stooped posture
(C) Supplements
(D) Lack of hormones




Answer: B

Guidelines for caring for a resident with multiple sclerosis include

Guidelines for caring for a resident with multiple sclerosis include 

(A) Rushing resident through tasks
(B) Administering medications
(C) Preventing falls
(D) Encouraging the resident to speak faster





Answer: C

Which of the following statements is true of assisting a resident with one-sided weakness after a stroke?

Which of the following statements is true of assisting a resident with one-sided weakness after a stroke? 

(A) Lead with the weaker side.
(B) Stand on the weaker side.
(C) Use the terms "bad" or "messed up" to refer to weaker side.
(D) A gait belt is not helpful during transfers.



Answer: B

Which of the following is helpful when providing skin care for a resident with cancer?

Which of the following is helpful when providing skin care for a resident with cancer?

(A) Do not use lotion on dry, delicate skin.
(B) Do not offer backrubs.
(C) Avoid applying lotion to areas receiving radiation therapy.
(D) Avoid moving the resident at all.





Answer: C

The eye and ear are part of

The eye and ear are part of 

(A) The body's sense organs
(B) The integumentary system
(C) The dermis
(D) The circulatory system




Answer: A

Which of the following is a function of the nervous system?

Which of the following is a function of the nervous system? 

(A) Gives the body shape and structure
(B) Provides a natural protective covering to the body
(C) Produces and supplies antibodies and other infection-fighting blood cells
(D) Senses and interprets information from outside the body




Answer: D

Arthritis can be the result of an autoimmune illness. With an autoimmune illness the body's ______system attacks normal tissue.

Arthritis can be the result of an autoimmune illness. With an autoimmune illness the body's ______system attacks normal tissue. 

(A) Immune
(B) Lymphatic
(C) Circulatory
(D) Endocrine



Answer: A

When a hip has been replaced

When a hip has been replaced 

(A) Dress the unaffected, or stronger, side first
(B) Place items far away from the resident to force him to walk
(C) The hip cannot be bent or flexed more than 90 degrees
(D) Perform range of motion exercises on the side that has the hip replacement

Answer: C

When atrophy occurs,

When atrophy occurs, 

(A) The muscle slowly becomes stronger
(B) The muscle increases in size
(C) The muscle stays about the same
(D) The muscle decreases in size



Answer: D

One way a nursing assistant can help with normal changes of aging related to the integumentary system is to

One way a nursing assistant can help with normal changes of aging related to the integumentary system is to 

(A) Withhold fluids so a resident will not go to the bathroom often.
(B) Clip toenails frequently.
(C) Keep sheets wrinkle-free.
(D) Rub lotion into red or irritated spots on the resident's skin.

Answer: C

A resident with a head or spinal cord injury should be repositioned at least every ___hours.

A resident with a head or spinal cord injury should be repositioned at least every ___hours. 

(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5




Answer: A

Which of the following statements is true of the skin?

Which of the following statements is true of the skin? 

(A) It feels heat, cold, pain, touch, and  pressure.
(B) It becomes more elastic as a person ages.
(C) It is the chemical substance that is created by the body and controls body functions.
(D) It becomes thicker as a person ages.



Answer: A

Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease:

Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease:

A) AIDS
B) multiple sclerosis
C) Graves' disease
D) type I diabetes mellitus
E) rheumatoid arthritis




Answer: A

The relatively common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine is called:

The relatively common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine is called:

A) multiple sclerosis
B) Graves' disease
C) myasthenia gravis
D) glomerulonephritis
E) systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer: B

Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to:

Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to:

A) immediate hypersensitivity
B) acute hypersensitivity
C) delayed hypersensitivity
D) anaphylactic shock
E) immunodeficiency

Answer: C

With immediate hypersensitivity, the antibody class that binds to mast cells and basophils that trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals is:

With immediate hypersensitivity, the antibody class that binds to mast cells and basophils that trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals is:

A) IgM
B) IgA
C) IgD
D) IgG
E) IgE




Answer: E

Which one of the following is NOT a type of immunosuppressive therapy given after surgery to prevent rejection of a graft:

Which one of the following is NOT a type of immunosuppressive therapy given after surgery to prevent rejection of a graft:

A) corticosteroids
B) radiation
C) antiproliferative drugs
D) gamma globulin
E) immunosuppressive drugs

Answer: D

An isograft is a tissue graft donated by:

An isograft is a tissue graft donated by:

A) an unrelated person
B) a parent
C) a different animal species
D) the same person
E) an identical twin

Answer: E

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of:

Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of:

A) T cells
B) B cells
C) plasma cell
D) antigen-presenting cells
E) antibodies




Answer: A

The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called:

The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called:

A) agglutination
B) chemotaxis
C) complement fixation
D) neutralization
E) precipitation

Answer: D

The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placental barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is:

The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placental barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is:

A) IgM
B) IgA
C) IgD
D) IgG
E) IgE




Answer: D

Which one of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigens:

Which one of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigens:

A) agglutination
B) chemotaxis
C) complement fixation
D) neutralization
E) precipitation

Answer: B

IgA:

IgA:

A) is mainly found in mucus and secretions such as tears and saliva
B) is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy
C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma
D) can fix complement
E) is involved in allergies

Answer: A

Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes:

Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes:

A) IgA
B) IgB
C) IgD
D) IgG
E) IgE

Answer: B

Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies:

Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies:

A) they are the same or nearly the same
B) they form the "stem" of an antibody
C) they determine the specific type of antibody class formed
D) they form an antigen-binding site
E) they determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role

Answer: D

Which one of the following is NOT true of basic antibody structure:

Which one of the following is NOT true of basic antibody structure:

A) they consist of four amino acid chains
B) they are linked together by disulfide bonds
C) the heavy chains are identical
D) the heavy chains are about 400 amino acids long
E) the light chains are often of differing lengths

Answer: E

Immune sera are used for all of the following EXCEPT:

Immune sera are used for all of the following EXCEPT:

A) tuberculosis
B) rabies
C) snake bites
D) botulism
E) tetanus

Answer: A

Vaccines are NOT for:

Vaccines are NOT for:

A) pneumonia
B) tetanus
C) measles
D) snake bites
E) polio

Answer: D

What specific type of acquired immunity do vaccines provide:

What specific type of acquired immunity do vaccines provide:

A) naturally acquired active immunity
B) naturally acquired passive immunity
C) artificially acquired active immunity
D) artificially acquired passive immunity
E) naturally acquired artificial immunity

Answer: C

The specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called:

The specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called:

A) naturally acquired active immunity
B) naturally acquired passive immunity
C) artificially acquired active immunity
D) artificially acquired passive immunity
E) artificially acquired natural immunity

Answer: B

B cells develop immunocompetence in the:

B cells develop immunocompetence in the:

A) thymus gland
B) bone marrow
C) spleen
D) thyroid gland
E) lymph nodes

Answer: B

Which one of the following is NOT true of macrophages:

Which one of the following is NOT true of macrophages:

A) they are considered the "big eaters" of the immune system
B) they engulf foreign particles
C) they circulate continuously throughout the body
D) they act as antigen presenters
E) they secrete monokines

Answer: C

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist is determined by:

The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist is determined by:

A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance
B) individual genetic makeup
C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time
D) the total number of macrophages at a given time
E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time

Answer: B

Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be:

Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be:

A) clonal
B) incompetent
C) immune
D) immunocompetent
E) complemented

Answer: D

Which one of the following CANNOT be said about the history of immunity:

Which one of the following CANNOT be said about the history of immunity:

A) the ancient Greeks knew something existed within the body to protect it from infectious disease
B) scientists of the 1800s discovered "factors" now called antibodies
C) scientists of the 1800s demonstrated that immune serum could protect another animal from disease
D) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered the viral origin of AIDS
E) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered that injection of serum containing antibodies did NOT always protect a recipient from disease

Answer: D

Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen:

Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen:

A) pollen grains
B) bacteria
C) self-antigens
D) fungi
E) virus particles

Answer: C

The study of immunity is called:

The study of immunity is called:

A) histology
B) anatomy
C) pathology
D) immunology
E) microbiology

Answer: D

Fever has the effect of doing all of the following EXCEPT:

Fever has the effect of doing all of the following EXCEPT:

A) denaturing (scrambling) proteins
B) stimulating the liver and spleen to gather up iron and zinc
C) increasing metabolic rate of tissue cells
D) stimulating complement fixation
E) speeding up repair processes

Answer: D

The body's temperature-regulating "thermostat" that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the:

The body's temperature-regulating "thermostat" that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the:

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) pineal gland
D) cerebellum
E) medulla oblongata

Answer: A

Tissues invaded by viruses, which attempt to replicate themselves by taking over cellular machinery, secrete small proteins called __________ to protect nearby cells and hinder further multiplication of the viruses.

Tissues invaded by viruses, which attempt to replicate themselves by taking over cellular machinery, secrete small proteins called __________ to protect nearby cells and hinder further multiplication of the viruses.

A) histamine
B) interferon
C) kinins
D) interleukins
E) pyrogens

Answer: B

The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT:

The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT:

A) dilate blood vessels
B) attract phagocytes to the area
C) stimulate release of lysozyme
D) cause capillaries to become leaky
E) activate pain receptors

Answer: C

The migration of phagocytes and white blood cells to an inflamed area along a chemical gradient is called:

The migration of phagocytes and white blood cells to an inflamed area along a chemical gradient is called:

A) diapedesis
B) chemotaxis
C) immunity
D) perforins
E) complement fixation

Answer: B

Which one of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response:

Which one of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response:

A) redness
B) heat
C) swelling
D) fever
E) pain

Answer: D

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called:

The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called:

A) agglutination
B) chemotaxis
C) diapedesis
D) coagulation
E) antibody production

Answer: C

Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses:

Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses:

A) intact skin
B) antibody production
C) the inflammatory response
D) fever
E) natural killer cells

Answer: B

Compared to the nonspecific chemicals that cover body surfaces and mucous membranes, the specific body defense system is:

Compared to the nonspecific chemicals that cover body surfaces and mucous membranes, the specific body defense system is:

A) faster
B) slower
C) the same speed
D) sometimes faster and sometimes slower
E) not comparable in speed

Answer: B

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is:

The body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms is:

A) phagocytes
B) natural killer cells
C) skin and mucous membranes
D) inflammatory response
E) fever

Answer: C

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes:

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes:

A) spleen
B) thymus gland
C) tonsils only
D) tonsils and Peyer's patches
E) tonsils and spleen

Answer: D

Which of these lymphoid organs is found along the left side of the abdominal cavity:

Which of these lymphoid organs is found along the left side of the abdominal cavity:

A) spleen
B) Peyer's patches
C) thymus gland
D) tonsils
E) axillary lymph nodes

Answer: A

The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called:

The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small intestine are called:

A) tonsils
B) appendix
C) Peyer's patches
D) thymus tissues
E) intestinal nodes

Answer: C

The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the:

The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the:

A) thymus
B) spleen
C) appendix
D) tonsils
E) Peyer's patches

Answer: A

Which one of the following is NOT a type of lymphoid organ:

Which one of the following is NOT a type of lymphoid organ:

A) spleen
B) thymus gland
C) tonsils
D) appendix
E) Peyer's patches

Answer: D

Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat:

Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat:

A) axillary lymph nodes
B) cervical lymph nodes
C) tonsils
D) Peyer's patches
E) thymus gland

Answer: C

Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver:

Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver:

A) tonsils
B) spleen
C) thymus gland
D) tonsils
E) Peyer's patches

Answer: B

Which one of the following is NOT true of lymph nodes:

Which one of the following is NOT true of lymph nodes:

A) they remove foreign materials from the lymph fluid
B) they have valves similar to those found in veins
C) they contain lymphocytes
D) they act as filters along the lymphatic vessels
E) they contain macrophages

Answer: B

Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return:

Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return:

A) milking action of skeletal muscles
B) pressure changes within the thorax
C) the pumping action of the heart
D) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels
E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels

Answer: C

Lymph from the left arm would return to the heart through the:

Lymph from the left arm would return to the heart through the:

A) inferior vena cava
B) thoracic duct
C) right lymphatic duct
D) left subclavian artery
E) aorta

Answer: B

Lymph flows:

Lymph flows:

A) in a circular pattern within the tissues
B) away from the heart only
C) toward the heart only
D) both toward and away from the heart
E) into the capillaries

Answer: C

The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called:

The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called:

A) arterial blood
B) venous blood
C) plasma
D) interstitial fluid
E) lymph

Answer: E