Archive for June 2018

Which of the following is NOT true of the endomembrane system?

21:56

Which of the following is NOT true of the endomembrane system?




A - Completely closed space with no openings
B - Releases contents in vesicles
C - Continuous part of the cell membrane
D - Made of membrane
E works together to make, modify, and package molecules



Answer: Not Available

Which of the following does NOT take place in the nucleus?

21:55

Which of the following does NOT take place in the nucleus?




A - Ribosome synthesis
B - All of these take place in the nucleus
C - Transcription
D - Replication


Answer: B - All of these take place in the nucleus

What are ribosomes comprised of?

21:54

What are ribosomes comprised of?




A - tRNA and protein
B - mRNA and tRNA
C - mRNA and protein
D - rRNA and mRNA
E - rRNA and protein


Answer: E - rRNA and protein


Where are the A, P, and E sites located?

21:53

Where are the A, P, and E sites located?




A - Small subunit
B - rRNA
C - Cytoplasm
D - Rough endoplasmic reticulum
E - Large subunit


Answer: E - Large subunit

Where is the starting point of ribosome synthesis?

21:53

Where is the starting point of ribosome synthesis?




A - Nuclear pore
B - Nuclear envelope
C - Nucleolus
D - Nuclear localization signal
E - Nuclear lamina


Answer: C - Nucleolus

Which of the following helps maintain the shape of the nucleus?

21:52

Which of the following helps maintain the shape of the nucleus?




A - Nuclear localization signal
B - Nuclear pore
C - Nuclear envelope
D - Nuclear lamina
E - Nucleolus



Answer: The NUCLEAR LAMINA attaches the nuclear envelope and chromatin to help maintain the structure.

How do large proteins enter the cell?

21:52

How do large proteins enter the cell?




A - With a nuclear localization signal
B - By stretching the nuclear pore
C - All of these
D - With chemical energy
E - Helped by an import protein



Answer: The NLS is a specialized amino acid sequence that allows larger proteins into the nucleus. If they have this they will then pass through import proteins, using chemical energy to cause the pore to stretch.

Active transport involves

21:51

Active transport involves




A - Simple diffusion
B - Chemical energy
C - The movement of water
D - Movement with a concentration gradient
E - Sodium ions


Answer: B - Chemical energy

Which of the following is true of the lysosome?

21:50

Which of the following is true of the lysosome?




A - It pumps protons into the extracellular space
B - It builds internal cellular structures and proteins
C - It digest molecules from endocytosis
D - It maintains a basic pH


Answer: C - It digest molecules from endocytosis

A sodium potassium pump is a type of

21:50

A sodium potassium pump is a type of




A - Passive transport
B - Triport
C - Antiport
D - Symport
E - Uniport


Answer: C - Antiport

Chemical energy is required for active transport to establish a specific concentration gradient. In a sodium potassium pump, chemical energy specifically serves to help the pump

21:49

Chemical energy is required for active transport to establish a specific concentration gradient. In a sodium potassium pump, chemical energy specifically serves to help the pump




A - Create a symport
B - Bind to the potassium ions
C - Allow passive diffusion
D - Change the shape
E - All of these


Answer: D - Change the shape

Why does active transport require energy?

21:48

Why does active transport require energy?




A - To move solutes with a concentration gradient
B - To transport small, hydrophobic molecules across the membrane
C - To move solutes to an equal concentration inside and outside the cell
D - To diffuse substances passively
E - To move solutes against a concentration gradient


Answer: E - To move solutes against a concentration gradient

The inside of a cell contains more solutes than the outside of the cell. Which describes the inside of the cell and the direction of water?

21:44

The inside of a cell contains more solutes than the outside of the cell. Which describes the inside of the cell and the direction of water?



A - Inside the cell is hypertonic. Water will move towards the outside of the cell
B - Isotonic. Water will move in either direction
C - Inside the cell is hypotonic. Water will move towards the outside of the cell
D - Inside the cell is hypertonic. Water will move towards the inside of the cell.


Answer: D - Inside the cell is hypertonic. Water will move towards the inside of the cell.

What part of the a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

21:44

What part of the a phospholipid is hydrophobic?




A - The extracellular region
B - Phosphate group
C - The intracellular region
D - Fatty acid chain


Answer: D - Fatty acid chain

Carbohydrates in the cell membrane contribute to

21:43

Carbohydrates in the cell membrane contribute to




A - Cell to cell adhesion
B - Structure
C - Protection
D - Fluidity


Answer: CARBOHYDRATE chains can be found outside of the cell attached to lipids or proteins. They act as binding sites or can help cells adhere to other cells.

What is the purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

21:43

What is the purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane?




A - To help maintain fluidity
B - To help cells stick together
C - To make the bilayer hydrophobic
D - To communicate with other cells


Answer: CHOLESTEROL floats throughout the bilayer. It is found within the hydrophobic tails where they help maintain membrane fluidity. It provides both structure and helps it act as a protective layer while keeping the membrane from freezing.

The Fluid Mosaic Model describes proteins

21:42

The Fluid Mosaic Model describes proteins




A - Tethered to one place in the membrane
B - Bound to carbohydrates
C - Floating laterally throughout the space
D - As hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules
E - AS existing only on the cytoplasmic side of the cell


Answer: C - Floating laterally throughout the space

How is the phospholipid bilayer oriented?

21:40

How is the phospholipid bilayer oriented?




A - One layer of phospholipids forms a circle
B - Head and tails alternate directions within a layer
C - Tails face inward towards each other
D - One head layer touches the second tail layer
E - Heads face inward towards each other


Answer: C - Tails face inward towards each other

Nitrogen is part of what vital substance in plant cells?

11:30

Nitrogen is part of what vital substance in plant cells?




A - Nectar
B - Chlorophyll
C - Glucose
D -Cellulose
E - Water


Answer: B - Chlorophyll


The nitrogen supplied by the chlorophyll allows for the plant to perform photosynthesis.

The relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes can best be described as

11:29

The relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes can best be described as




A - Commensalism
B - Parasitism
C - Amensalism
D -Symbiosis
E - Mutualism


Answer: E - Mutualism


The bacteria benefit from the legumes because they have an safe place to live. The plant has to put forth some energy to support the bacteria because they have an almost unlimited source of nitrogen.

The earth's atmosphere is made up of several components including carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. About how much of the atmosphere is nitrogen?

11:29

The earth's atmosphere is made up of several components including carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. About how much of the atmosphere is nitrogen?



A - 20%
B - 60%
C - 80%
D -8%
E - 40%


Answer: C - 80%


This is in the form of N2, which plants and animals cannot use so nitrogen fixation takes place to convert it to N3, ammonia.

Organisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen into a suitable form for plants and humans are

11:29

Organisms that fix atmospheric nitrogen into a suitable form for plants and humans are



A - Legumes
B - Worms
C - Grubs
D -Insects
E - Bacteria


Answer: E - Bacteria


NITROGEN FIXATION is the process of creating ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen, it is commonly carried out by bacteria.. They are normally found near the roots of legumes.

A certain plant develops incomplete flowers that do not have a scent. Which of the following is the most likely method of pollination?

11:28

A certain plant develops incomplete flowers that do not have a scent. Which of the following is the most likely method of pollination?



A - Wind
B - Moths
C - Bats
D -Birds
E - Bees


Answer: A - Wind

Typically pollination by wind occurs when the plants are close together. The plants are often small, green, and odor-less.

Occasionally, there is a strange illness that kills bees. What is a likely side effect of this disease on plants?

11:28

Occasionally, there is a strange illness that kills bees. What is a likely side effect of this disease on plants?




A - They will develop more ripe fruit
B - They will not be affected
C - They will stop producing flowers
D -They will be over-pollinated
E - They will not be pollinated as much


Answer: E - They will not be pollinated as much

What is the purpose of a pollen tube?

11:28

What is the purpose of a pollen tube?



A - To allow pollen to produce nectar
B - To attract pollinators such as bees and birds
C - To allow pollen to move from the stigma to the ovary for fertilization
D - To protect the pollen as it moves from an anther to a stigma
E - To produce pollen after landing on the stigma


Answer: C - To allow pollen to move from the stigma to the ovary for fertilization


The POLLEN TUBE pierces the stigma and basically digs a tunnel to the ovary. This allows the sperm cell in the pollen to unite with the egg in the ovary.

Why is the stigma generally sticky?

11:27

Why is the stigma generally sticky?




A - To produce pollen
B - To attract pollinators
C - To protect the style
D -To develop into seeds
E - To capture pollen


Answer: E - To capture pollen


The STIGMA is the top, pollen-receiving structure. It is sticky so the pollen will stick to it and fertilize the plant.

Which whorl of a flower contains anthers and filaments?

11:26

Which whorl of a flower contains anthers and filaments? 



A - Stamen
B - Stigma
C - Gynoecium
D - Calyx
E - Androecium


Answer: E - Androecium

The ANDROECIUM is the whorl that contains the male parts (stamen, filaments, and anthers).
The STAMEN is the main structure and contains the FILAMENTS (slender stalks of the stamen) and ANTHERS (the top of the stamen that contains pollen).

Which of the following structures is not found in the gynoecium whorl?

11:26

Which of the following structures is not found in the gynoecium whorl?




A - Ovary
B - Stigma
C - Sepals
D -Style
E - Carpel


Answer: C - Sepals


The GYNOECIUM is the innermost layer that contains the female parts (carpel, stigma, style, ovary, and ovules). The CARPEL contains the ovules, ovary, style and stigma. The STIGMA is the top, pollen-receiving structure. The STYLE is the narrow part between the stigma and ovary. The OVULES are what turn into seeds.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a sugar sink?

11:25

Which of the following is NOT an example of a sugar sink?




A - Storage roots
B - Photosynthetic layer in leaves
C - Developing buds
D -Lengthening stem
E - Growing meristematic region


Answer: B - Photosynthetic layer in leaves


SINKS refer to areas in the plant that store or use sugars (roots, stems, and fruits). It is needed in these areas so cells can grow and develop.

The pressure flow hypothesis can be used to explain

11:25

The pressure flow hypothesis can be used to explain




A - The movement of sugars from sinks to sources
B - The movement of water from sinks to sources
C - The movement of water from sources to sinks
D -The movement of sugars from sources to sinks
E - The movement of oxygen from sources to sinks


Answer: D -The movement of sugars from sources to sinks


PRESSURE FLOW HYPOTHESIS of food movement states that dissolved sugars flow from sources and are released at sinks where they are used.

Which of the following is the best example of a sugar source?

11:25

Which of the following is the best example of a sugar source?




A - Growing stem
B - Storage root
C - Mesophyll layer of leaves
D -Stomata in leaves
E - Lateral root


Answer: C - Mesophyll layer of leaves


SOURCES are areas in a plant that produce sugars, the main area is the mesophyll of leaves (the area where photosynthesis is creating sugar).

Insects often eat leaves and other plant structures in order to obtain nutrients such as sugar. Which location in a plant will most likely provide sugars for the insect because it is a part of the phloem?

11:25

Insects often eat leaves and other plant structures in order to obtain nutrients such as sugar. Which location in a plant will most likely provide sugars for the insect because it is a part of the phloem?



A - Vesicles
B - Meristematic cells
C - Tracheids
D - Xylem
E - Sieve tubes


Answer: E - Sieve tubes


Sieve TUBES are more advanced than sieve cells and are found in flowering vascular plants (angiosperms). They have specialized cells called companion cells located near them that carry out energy-consuming metabolic activities for the sieve tube elemetns, which improves the efficiency of the phloem.

Xylem is composed of dead cells lined end to end. What is responsible for making these cells strong and durable even though they are no longer living?

11:24

Xylem is composed of dead cells lined end to end. What is responsible for making these cells strong and durable even though they are no longer living?




A - Vessels
B - Tracheids
C - Legnin
D -Water
E - Cohesion


Answer: C - Legnin


LIGNIN strengthens the vessels and makes them more durable. They are produced before the cells die.

What two factors are mainly responsible for the movement of water from the roots up through the leaves?

11:24

What two factors are mainly responsible for the movement of water from the roots up through the leaves?




A - Transpiration and gravity
B - Transpiration and cohesion
C - Gravity and adhesion
D -Gravity and cohesion
E - Transpiration and adhesion


Answer: B - Transpiration and cohesion


COHESION helps the water molecules within the xylem to stick together, which allows them to help pull other water molecules up, against the flow of gravity. The water molecules leaving through TRANSPIRATION is why cohesion occurs.

The release of water in plants, causing the change in water potential allowing the movement of water in the xylem, is best known as

11:23

The release of water in plants, causing the change in water potential allowing the movement of water in the xylem, is best known as



A - Cohesion
B - Perspiration
C - Photosynthesis
D -Transpiration
E - Respiration


Answer: D -Transpiration


TRANSPIRATION is the release of water vapor in plants and is regulated depending on the needs of the plant.

The individual units of xylem that have tapered ends are called

11:23

The individual units of xylem that have tapered ends are called



A - Sieve elements
B - Tracheids
C - Vessels
D -Sieve plates
E - Phloem


Answer: B - Tracheids

Tracheids are tapered and overlap, they may not be that efficient because there may be gaps.

Lateral roots help to increase the absorption of water and mineral. What structure must they remain connected to in order to ensure these materials are transported to the rest of the plant?

11:23

Lateral roots help to increase the absorption of water and mineral. What structure must they remain connected to in order to ensure these materials are transported to the rest of the plant?




A - Vascular cylinder
B - Ground tissue
C - Root cap
D - Meristem
E - Epidermis


Answer: A - Vascular cylinder

Where does the development of lateral roots begin?

11:22

Where does the development of lateral roots begin?




A - Epidermis
B - Pericycle
C - Meristem
D - Root cap
E - Cortex


Answer: B - Pericycle

LATERAL roots start to develop in the pericycle, which is the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder. They start at the vascular cylinder which is why they can contain vascular tissue.

In roots, where will new growth occur?

11:22

In roots, where will new growth occur?




A - Epidermis
B - Cortex
C - Meristem
D - Mesodermis
E - Endodermis


Answer: C - Meristem

What is the purpose of root hairs?

11:22

What is the purpose of root hairs?



A - To protect the growing root
B - To prevent water from entering or exiting the root
C - To allow for better transport of food from the root to the leaves
D -To aid in photosynthesis
E - To allow for increased absorption of water and nutrients


Answer: E - To allow for increased absorption of water and nutrients

ROOT HAIRS are produced by the epidermis and are the site of water and nutrient absorption. They allow for greater surface area, they only live for a few days and so are constantly being made by the epidermis.

Some roots are designed to store large amounts of sugars. In what part of the root are you more likely to find this sugar reserve?

11:21

Some roots are designed to store large amounts of sugars. In what part of the root are you more likely to find this sugar reserve?




A - Root meristem
B - Cortex
C - Endodermis
D -Root tip
E - Epidermis


Answer: B - Cortex

The CORTEX stores the products of photosynthesis, such as sugar. This layer is found after the epidermis and it makes up the bulk of the root, which is why its referred to as the primary root tissue.

Which of the following is the best analogy for the function of the root tip?

11:21

Which of the following is the best analogy for the function of the root tip?




A - Highway
B - Water tower
C - Instruction manual
D -School
E - Hard hat



Answer: E - Hard hat

This is also referred to as the root cap and it forms a protective barrier between the soil and the rest of the root. The cells within can sense gravity and they secrete a slimy substance that helps them move through soil.

When you peel a carrot or potato, what layer of the root are you removing?

11:21

When you peel a carrot or potato, what layer of the root are you removing?



A - Endodermis
B - Epidermis
C - Vascular cylinder
D -Mesodermis
E - Cortex


Answer: B - Epidermis


The VASCULAR CYLINDER in the root contains the xylem and phloem. IN young roots it is in the center but in more developed roots it can differ

The veins in a leaf contain tissue that is also known as

11:20

The veins in a leaf contain tissue that is also known as



A - The vascular bundle
B - The stomata
C - The mesophyll
D - The cuticle



Answer: A - The vascular bundle


VASCULAR BUNDLES are also called veins, which is where the movement of food and water occur.

What layer of leaf is responsible for photosynthesis?

11:20

What layer of leaf is responsible for photosynthesis?




A - Cuticle
B - Palisade layer
C - Stomata
D - Spongy layer


Answer: B - Palisade layer


The PALISADE LAYER is the location of photosynthesis. Below it is the spongy layer which contains cells that are more spread out, allowing for air pockets, and there are vascular bundles that contain xylem and phloem, allowing for the transport of products for photosynthesis. Together these are known as the MESOPHYLL.

When the weather is very hot, what will happen to the stomata?

11:20

When the weather is very hot, what will happen to the stomata?



A - They will be closed to allow for water loss
B - They will be closed to prevent water loss
C - They will be open to allow for water loss
D - They will be open to prevent water loss


Answer: B - They will be closed to prevent water loss


STOMATA are pores in the leaf that allow for gas exchange to help with photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Which of the following best describes the process of trees releasing water vapor?

11:19

Which of the following best describes the process of trees releasing water vapor?




A - Condensation
B - Photosynthesis
C - Respiration
D - Transpiration


Answer: D - Transpiration


TRANSPIRATION is when plants release water, it is regulated (by stomata) depending on the needs of the plant and the surrounding environment.

When viewing a tree trunk, one observes that the rings very in size. What causes some of these rings to be larger than others?

11:15

When viewing a tree trunk, one observes that the rings very in size. What causes some of these rings to be larger than others?




A - There is less growth of vascular cambium in years with plenty of water and nutrients
B - There is more growth of vascular cambium in years with plenty of water and nutrients
C - There is no correlation between the growth of vascular cambium and the amount of water and nutrients
D - There is more growth of vascular cambium in years with limited water and nutrients


Answer: B - There is more growth of vascular cambium in years with plenty of water and nutrients

As woody plants increase in height, they need to add more vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients further. Where does this secondary growth occur?

11:14

As woody plants increase in height, they need to add more vascular tissue to transport water and nutrients further. Where does this secondary growth occur?



A - Apical meristem
B - Accessory meristem
C - Lateral meristem
D - Terminal meristem


Answer: C - Lateral meristem


Secondary growth occurs in the lateral meristem and refers to growth of the vascular and cork cambiums.

Why does secondary growth occur in dicots and not in monocots?

11:13

Why does secondary growth occur in dicots and not in monocots?




A - Dicots do not have primary growth so they must have secondary growth
B - The organization of vascular tissue in dicots allows for secondary growth
C - Monocots do not contain vascular tissue
D - Only dicots need growth of the shoot system


Answer: B - The organization of vascular tissue in dicots allows for secondary growth


SECONDARY growth is growth at the lateral meristem and increases the girth of the stem. The reason it occurs in dicots and not monocots is due to the structure of the xylem and phloem. In dicots it is found in rings with the xylem inside and the phloem outside which makes it easier to create both types of tissue in one location.

Which process happens at the apical meristem to allow for plant stem growth that does not occur at other locations in the shoot system?

11:12

Which process happens at the apical meristem to allow for plant stem growth that does not occur at other locations in the shoot system?




A - Photosynthesis
B - Cell division
C - Cellular respiration
D - Osmosis


Answer: B - Cell division


The APICAL meristem is found at the tip of a stem and is where primary growth (length of stem) occurs. There are three different types of tissue that is made; protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium.

The meristem produces tissues that later develop into more specialized mature structures. Which of the following correctly pairs the early tissue with the mature tissue?

11:12

The meristem produces tissues that later develop into more specialized mature structures. Which of the following correctly pairs the early tissue with the mature tissue?




A - Procambium - Epidermis
B - Protoderm - Ground tissue
C - Protoderm - Vascular tissue
D - Procambium - Vascular tissue



Answer: D - Procambium - Vascular tissue


The PROTODERM makes the epidermis, or outer protective covering, of a plant. The PROCAMBIUM with make the vascular tissue.

Terminal buds are often accompanied by additional pairs of buds known as

11:12

Terminal buds are often accompanied by additional pairs of buds known as



A - lateral buds
B - Accessory buds
C - Interbuds
D - Meristem buds


Answer: B - Accessory buds


Terminal buds are located at the tip of the stem and after it develops it will a terminal bud scar. When a bud is not found at the tip but on the side it is called a lateral bud. If they are not formed individually they are accompanied by accessory buds.

What type of ground tissue is the most common and helps store both food and water?

11:11

What type of ground tissue is the most common and helps store both food and water?




A - Sclerenchyma
B - Xylem
C - Collenchyma
D - Parenchyma



Answer: D - Parenchyma


PARENCHYMA is the most common and provides a variety of functions, including the storage of water and food. COLLENCHYMA helps support young stems and roots. SCLERENCHYMA provides rigid support and protection for the plant stem.

Which best describes the arrangement of the xylem and phloem in a monocot plant?

11:11

Which best describes the arrangement of the xylem and phloem in a monocot plant?



A - Paired bundles of xylem and phloem throughout the stem
B - Phloem on the inside of the stem in rings and xylem on the outside in rings
C - Paired bundles of xylem and phloem only in the center of the stem
D - Xylem on the inside of the stem in rings nad phloem on the outside in rings


Answer: A - Paired bundles of xylem and phloem throughout the stem


In monocots xylem and phloem are found in paired bundles throughout the stem but in dicots they are arranged in rings, with the xylem on the inside and phloem on the outside.

Which of the following is true of vascular tissues in plants?

11:11

Which of the following is true of vascular tissues in plants?




A - Xylem is made of living cells and phloem is made of non-living cells
B - Xylem is made of non-living cells and phloem is made of living cells
C - Xylem generally transports food from the leaves to the roots and phloem generally transports water from the roots to the leaves
D - Xylem generally transports water from the leaves to the roots and phloem generally transports food from the roots to the leaves



Answer: B - Xylem is made of non-living cells and phloem is made of living cells.


Xylem moves water and is made of tracheids, non-living, elongated cells to that allow for the transport of fluid, the movement is normally roots - stems-leaves.. It can sometimes help support the stem. Phloem moves food and is made of sieve elements that are living cells specialized in the movement of food

Plants that have cones rather than flowers for seed production are best known as

11:10

Plants that have cones rather than flowers for seed production are best known as



A - Vascular
B - Angiosperms
C - Dicots
D - Gymnosperms
E - Monocots


Answer: D - Gymnosperms


GYMNOSPERMS were the first plants with seeds. They are vascular plants and do not produce flowers, the seed proved protection and food for the plant embryo.

Why must plants, such as mosses, live in moist environments?

11:09

Why must plants, such as mosses, live in moist environments?




A - They have roots to help support the plant only in moist environments
B - They lack xylem to move water throughout the plant but have phloem to move food
C - They have rhizoids instead of roots to help support the structure of the plant
D - They lack vascular tissue to move food and water throughout the plant
E - They lack phloem to move food throughout the plant but have xylem to move water



Answer: D - They lack vascular tissue to move food and water throughout the plant.


NON-VASCULAR plants are small, simple, and less advanced than most plants. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are the three main groups. They have no transport system for food or nutrients due to their small size. They have rhizoids instead of roots, which help anchor the plant.

Plants that have two cotyledons and flowers in groups of four or five are best known as

11:08

Plants that have two cotyledons and flowers in groups of four or five are best known as




A - Vascular
B - Dicots
C - Non-vascular
D - Monocots
E - Gymnosperms


Answer: B - Dicots

DICOT is short for "dicotyledon," meaning "two leaves." Their flower petals are always in groups of 4 or five and they have complex leaves with veins. MONOCOT is short for "monocotyledon," meaning "one seed leaf." Their flower petals are always in groups of 3 and their leaves are long.
These are the two forms of angiosperms.

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