Which chemical is released to bring about vasoconstriction during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis:

Which chemical is released to bring about vasoconstriction during the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis:

A) renin
B) erythropoietin
C) serotonin
D) thrombopoietin
E) interleukin


Answer: c

Which one of the following represents the proper sequence of hemostasis:

Which one of the following represents the proper sequence of hemostasis:

A) platelet plug formation, coagulation, vascular spasm
B) vascular spasm, coagulation, platelet plug formation
C) coagulation, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation
D) vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
E) coagulation, platelet plug formation, vascular spasm



Answer: d

The series of reactions that stop blood flow following a cut is called:

The series of reactions that stop blood flow following a cut is called:

A) homeostasis
B) coagulation
C) hemostasis
D) erythropoiesis
E) agglutination


Answer: c

Megakaryocytes pinch off anucleate fragments called:

Megakaryocytes pinch off anucleate fragments called:

A) granulocytes
B) platelets
C) agranulocytes
D) erythrocytes
E) neutrophils



Answer: b

The hormone that regulates the rate of erythrocyte production is called:

The hormone that regulates the rate of erythrocyte production is called:

A) renin
B) leukopoietin
C) vasopressin
D) erythropoietin
E) thrombopoietin



Answer: d

An immature RBC is called a:

An immature RBC is called a:

A) megakaryocyte
B) hemocytoblast
C) reticulocyte
D) agranulocyte
E) granulocyte


Answer: c

The average functional lifespan of an RBC is:

The average functional lifespan of an RBC is:

A) 20-30 days
B) 50-75 days
C) 100-120 days
D) one year
E) the body's lifetime



Answer: c

Blood cell formation is called __________ and occurs in red bone marrow.

Blood cell formation is called __________ and occurs in red bone marrow.

A) hematopoiesis
B) hemostasis
C) agglutination
D) coagulation
E) hemolysis



Answer: a

Blood cell formation in adults occurs in all of the following EXCEPT the:

Blood cell formation in adults occurs in all of the following EXCEPT the:

A) flat bones of the skull
B) flat bones of the pelvis
C) shaft of the femur
D) proximal epiphysis of the humerus and femur
E) the epiphyseal plates



Answer: c

Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called:

Platelets are fragments of multinucleate cells called:

A) erythrocytes
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) megakaryocytes
E) macrophages



Answer: d

The type of leukocytes that become macrophages in the tissues are:

The type of leukocytes that become macrophages in the tissues are:

A) neutrophils
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) lymphocytes
E) monocytes



Answer: e

Which type of leukocyte contains heparin, an anticoagulant:

Which type of leukocyte contains heparin, an anticoagulant:

A) neutrophil
B) monocyte
C) lymphocyte
D) basophil
E) eosinophil


Answer: d

The most numerous white blood cells are the:

The most numerous white blood cells are the:

A) lymphocytes
B) neutrophils
C) eosinophils
D) monocytes
E) basophils


Answer: b

The type of leukocytes that would increase rapidly during allergy attacks and infections of parasitic worms are:

The type of leukocytes that would increase rapidly during allergy attacks and infections of parasitic worms are:

A) eosinophils
B) basophils
C) neutrophils
D) lymphocytes
E) monocytes


Answer: a

Which one of the following groups consist of granulocytes:

Which one of the following groups consist of granulocytes:

A) neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
B) lymphocytes and monocytes
C) eosinophils and monocytes
D) basophils and eosinophils
E) neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils


Answer: a

Which one of the following is NOT true of WBCs:

Which one of the following is NOT true of WBCs:

A) they use diapedesis to move in and out of blood vessels
B) they locate areas of tissue damage through chemotaxis
C) they move by ameboid motion
D) they account for less than 1 percent of total blood volume
E) they initiate the clotting process


Answer: e

There are an average of __________ WBCs per cubic millimeter of whole blood.

There are an average of __________ WBCs per cubic millimeter of whole blood.

A) 100-1000
B) 4000-11,000
C) 10,000-20,000
D) 50,000-100,000
E) 1 million-3 million


Answer: b

Excessive erythrocytes result in:

Excessive erythrocytes result in:

A) sickle cell anemia
B) leukocytosis
C) polycythemia
D) leukopenia
E) pernicious anemia


Answer: c

Which of the following is not a type of red blood cell disorder?

Which of the following is not a type of red blood cell disorder?

A) aplastic anemia
B) sickle cell anemia
C) pernicious anemia
D) polycythemia
E) leukemia



Answer: e

Normal whole blood contains __________ g of hemoglobin per 100 mL.

Normal whole blood contains __________ g of hemoglobin per 100 mL.

A) 4-8
B) 12-18
C) 15-20
D) 30-35
E) 42-48


Answer: b

Erythrocytes:

Erythrocytes:

A) have lobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules
B) are anucleate
C) number 4000 to 11,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
D) can travel by diapedesis
E) clot blood


Answer: b

Which one of the following formed elements is the most abundant:

Which one of the following formed elements is the most abundant:

A) erythrocytes
B) eosinophils
C) platelets
D) basophils
E) lymphocytes


Answer: a

Which one of the following does NOT describe blood plasma:

Which one of the following does NOT describe blood plasma:

A) it contains plasma proteins
B) it contains metal ions (salts)
C) its pH is 7.35 to 7.45
D) it contains hormones
E) it is the color of red wine


Answer: e

Which one of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of blood:

Which one of the following is NOT a physical characteristic of blood:

A) sticky
B) opaque
C) sweet tasting
D) heavier than water
E) alkaline



Answer: c

In a centrifuged blood sample, the buffy coat between the formed elements and the plasma contains:

In a centrifuged blood sample, the buffy coat between the formed elements and the plasma contains:

A) leukocytes and erythrocytes
B) platelets and erythrocytes
C) leukocytes and platelets
D) eythrocytes only
E) leukocytes only


Answer: c

The matrix of blood is called:

The matrix of blood is called:

A) buffy coat
B) plasma
C) erythrocytes
D) lymphocytes
E) formed elements


Answer: b

A major transport lipoprotein that has 92% lipid and 8% protein is a(n)

A major transport lipoprotein that has 92% lipid and 8% protein is a(n)

a. Chylomicron.
b. HDL (high-density lipoprotein).
c. LDL (low-density lipoprotein).
d. VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein).



Answer: D


Feedback :  VLDL's are 92% lipid and 8% protein.

Arrange these events in the order in which they occur during fat digestion, absorption, and transport: 1. chylomicrons enter lacteals 2. triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol coated with protein 3. fatty acids and glycerol packaged into micelles 4. bile salts emulsify fats 5. lipase digests fat

Arrange these events in the order in which they occur during fat digestion, absorption, and transport:
1. chylomicrons enter lacteals
2. triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol coated with protein
3. fatty acids and glycerol packaged into micelles
4. bile salts emulsify fats
5. lipase digests fat

a. 1,2,4,5,3
b. 2,5,4,3,1
c. 3,5,4,1,2
d. 4,5,3,2,1
e. 5,3,4,1,2


Answer: D


Feedback :  The sequence of events, which occur during fat digestion, absorption, and transport, is: 4,5,3,2,1.

All of these occur in the large intestine EXCEPT:

All of these occur in the large intestine EXCEPT:

a. large numbers of bacteria utilize undigested food.
b. fatty acids are absorbed.
c. vitamin K is produced.
d. sodium and water are absorbed.
e. mucus is produced.


Answer: B


Feedback :  The absorption of fatty acids does not occur in the large intestine; however, the utilization of undigested food by bacteria, the production of vitamin K, the absorption of water and sodium, and mucus production all occur in the large intestine.

Which of these hormones causes contraction of the gall bladder?

Which of these hormones causes contraction of the gall bladder?

a. cholecystokinin
b. gastrin
c. gastric inhibitory polypeptide
d. secretin
e. zymogen


Answer: A



Feedback :  Cholecystokinin causes contraction of the gallbladder.

All of these are enzymes that digest protein EXCEPT

All of these are enzymes that digest protein EXCEPT

a. lipase.
b. carboxypeptidase.
c. chymotrypsin.
d. pepsin.
e. trypsin.


Answer: A


Feedback :  Lipase digests lipids not proteins. Carboxypeptidase, chymotrypsin, pepsin and trypsin all digest proteins.

The __________ secretes peptidases and disaccharidases, whereas the __________ secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase, and nucleases.

The __________ secretes peptidases and disaccharidases, whereas the __________ secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase, and nucleases.

a. stomach, liver
b. stomach, small intestine
c. liver, small intestine
d. liver, pancreas
e. small intestine, pancreas


Answer: E


Feedback :  The small intestine secretes peptidases and disaccharidases; the pancreas secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase, and nucleases.

Duodenal gland secretion is stimulated by

Duodenal gland secretion is stimulated by

a. stimulation of the sympathetic division of the ANS.
b. amylase.
c. chemical (acid) or tactile stimulation.
d. gastric inhibitory polypeptide.
e. the duodenocolic reflex.


Answer: C



Feedback :  Duodenal gland secretion is stimulated by chemical (acid) or tactile stimulation.

Which of these inhibits secretion and motility of the stomach?

Which of these inhibits secretion and motility of the stomach?

a. enterogastric reflex
b. parasympathetic stimulation
c. gastrin
d. intrinsic factor
e. distention of stomach wall


Answer: A



Feedback :  The enterogastric reflex, consisting of a local reflex and a reflex integrated within the medulla oblongata, inhibits gastric secretion and motility. It results from distension of the duodenal wall, presence of irritating substances in the duodenum, reduced pH and hypertonic or hypotonic solutions in the duodenum.

Which of these conditions causes inhibition of gastric secretion?

Which of these conditions causes inhibition of gastric secretion?

a. hypotonic or hypertonic solution in the duodenum
b. distention of the duodenal wall
c. pH less than 2 in the duodenum
d. fats in the duodenum
e. all of these


Answer: E



Feedback :  Gastric secretion is inhibited by various conditions, they include: hypotonic or hypertonic solutions in the duodenum, distention of the duodenal wall, pH less than 2 in the duodenum and fats in the duodenum.

The "pyloric pump" describes

The "pyloric pump" describes

a. food movement through the esophagus into the stomach.
b. chyme moving from the stomach into the small intestine.
c. undigested food moving through the ileocecal valve.
d. feces moving through the internal anal sphincter.
e. gastrin, HCl, and pepsinogen being secreted from duodenal glands.



Answer: B



Feedback :  The "pyloric pump" describes the movement of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine.

Gastrin secretion is stimulated by

Gastrin secretion is stimulated by

a. duodenal pH greater than 3.
b. secretin.
c. cholecystokinin.
d. gastric inhibitory polypeptide.
e. all of these



Answer: A

Feedback :  Gastrin secretion is stimulated by duodenal pH greater than 3.

The greatest amount of stomach secretion takes place during the

The greatest amount of stomach secretion takes place during the

a. cephalic phase.
b. gastric phase.
c. intestinal phase.
d. colic phase.


Answer: B


Feedback :  The greatest amount of stomach secretion takes place during the gastric phase.

The mucosal lining of the large intestine contains predominantly

The mucosal lining of the large intestine contains predominantly

a. absorptive cells.
b. endocrine cells.
c. goblet cells.
d. granular cells.
e. parietal cells.


Answer: C


Feedback :  The predominant cell in the mucosal lining of the large intestine is the goblet cell.

Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon are called

Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon are called

a. haustra.
b. epiploic appendages.
c. intestinal glands.
d. teniae coli.
e. vermiform appendixes.



Answer: D


Feedback :  Teniae coli are the bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon.

Given these structures: 1. cecum 2. descending colon 3. rectum 4. sigmoid colon 5. transverse colon Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order food passes through them from the small intestine to the anus.

Given these structures:
1. cecum
2. descending colon
3. rectum
4. sigmoid colon
5. transverse colon
Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order food passes through them from the small intestine to the anus.

a. 1,2,3,4,5
b. 1,5,2,4,3
c. 2,5,1,3,4
d. 3,1,5,2,4
e. 4,2,1,5,3


Answer: B



Feedback :  The sequence of structures that food passes through from the small intestines to the anus is: 1, 5, 2, 4, 3.

The acini of the pancreas produce

The acini of the pancreas produce

a. digestive enzymes.
b. glucagon.
c. insulin.
d. mucus.
e. both b and c



Answer: A



Feedback :  The acini of the pancreas produce digestive enzymes.

In the liver, blood from the __________ and the hepatic artery flow into the hepatic sinusoids and become mixed.

In the liver, blood from the __________ and the hepatic artery flow into the hepatic sinusoids and become mixed.

a. bile canaliculi
b. central vein
c. hepatic ducts
d. hepatic portal vein
e. hepatic vein



Answer: D


Feedback :  In the liver, blood from the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery flow into the hepatic sinusoids and become mixed.

All of these are functions of the liver EXCEPT:

All of these are functions of the liver EXCEPT:

a. biotransformation of molecules.
b. production of digestive enzymes.
c. storage of glycogen, fat, vitamins, and iron.
d. synthesis of bile.
e. synthesis of blood components.


Answer: B


Feedback :  The liver functions in the biotransformation of molecules, the storage of glycogen, fat, vitamins and iron, the synthesis of bile, and the production of blood components. It does not function in the production of digestive enzymes.

The most nutrient absorption takes place in the

The most nutrient absorption takes place in the

a. duodenum and jejunum.
b. stomach and duodenum.
c. jejunum and ileum.
d. esophagus and stomach.
e. ileum and cecum.


Answer: A


Feedback :  Most nutrient absorption takes place in the duodenum and jejunum.

Arrange these parts of the small intestine in order from largest number of villi and circular folds to smallest number of villi and circular folds. 1. duodenum 2. ileum 3. jejunum

Arrange these parts of the small intestine in order from largest number of villi and circular folds to smallest number of villi and circular folds.
1. duodenum
2. ileum
3. jejunum

a. 1,2,3
b. 1,3,2
c. 2,1,3
d. 2,3,1
e. 3,2,1



Answer: B


Feedback :  In sequence, the parts of the small intestines having the largest number of villi and circular folds to those having the least are: 1, 3, 2.

The major duodenal papilla is

The major duodenal papilla is

a. a location for nutrient absorption in the duodenum.
b. the opening for the accessory pancreatic duct in the duodenum.
c. a large collection of villi in the jejunum.
d. the opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla in the duodenum.
e. the opening for the spleen in the colon.


Answer: D


Feedback :  The major duodenal papilla is the opening for the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum.

Which of these cells is ly matched with its function?

Which of these cells is ly matched with its function?

a. absorptive cells-produce digestive enzymes
b. endocrine cells-produce regulatory hormones
c. goblet cells-produce protective mucus
d. duodenal glands-produce protective mucus
e. all of these are


Answer: E



Feedback :  All of the cells listed are ly matched with their function.

Given these sphincters: 1. external anal sphincte 2. ileocecal sphincter 3. lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter 4. pyloric sphincter Arrange them in the order in which food passes through them.

Given these sphincters:
1. external anal sphincte
2. ileocecal sphincter
3. lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter
4. pyloric sphincter
Arrange them in the order in which food passes through them.

a. 1,3,2,4
b. 2,3,4,1
c. 2,1,3,4
d. 3,4,2,1
e. 4,2,1,3


Answer: D



Feedback :  The sequence of sphincters that food passes through is: 3,4,2,1.

Besides capillaries, villi also contain lymphatic vessels called

Besides capillaries, villi also contain lymphatic vessels called

a. gastric glands.
b. lacteals.
c. plicae circulares.
d. muscularis mucosae.
e. haustra.



Answer: B


Feedback :  Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary called a lacteal.

Folds formed from the mucosa and submucosa that are perpendicular to the long axis of the duodenum are called

Folds formed from the mucosa and submucosa that are perpendicular to the long axis of the duodenum are called

a. intestinal glands.
b. lacteals.
c. microvilli.
d. plicae circulares.
e. villi.



Answer: D

Feedback :  Plicae circulares are the folds formed by the mucosa and submucosa that run perpendicular to the long axis of the duodenum.

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are connected to ducts which enter the

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are connected to ducts which enter the

a. cecum.
b. descending colon.
c. duodenum.
d. ileum.
e. jejunum.



Answer: C


Feedback :  The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are connected to ducts that enter the duodenum.

Large mucosal folds formed when the stomach is empty are called

Large mucosal folds formed when the stomach is empty are called

a. the muscularis layer.
b. the pyloric sphincter.
c. rugae.
d. the fundus.



Answer: C


Feedback :  Rugae are the mucosal folds that are formed when the stomach is empty.

Parietal cells in the lining of the stomach secrete

Parietal cells in the lining of the stomach secrete

a. regulatory hormones.
b. pepsinogen.
c. HCl and intrinsic factor.
d. mucus.
e. bicarbonate ions.



Answer: C

Feedback :  Parietal cells in the lining of the stomach produce intrinsic factor and HCL.

Successive contraction of constrictor muscles occurs and the epiglottis covers the opening in the larynx. This describes

Successive contraction of constrictor muscles occurs and the epiglottis covers the opening in the larynx. This describes

a. the voluntary phase of swallowing.
b. the esophageal phase of swallowing.
c. the mastication reflex.
d. the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
e. the regurgitation reflex.



Answer: D


Feedback :  During the pharyngeal phase of swallowing there is successive contraction of the constrictor muscles and the epiglottis covers the opening in the larynx.

Saliva

Saliva

a. secretion (of the serous portion) is increased primarily by sympathetic stimulation.
b. contains amylase, which digests cellulose.
c. contains lysozyme, which has a weak antibacterial action.
d. contains pepsin, which digests protein.
e. all of these



Answer: C

Feedback :  Saliva contains lysozyme, which has a weak antibacterial action.

The largest pair of salivary glands, which produce mostly watery saliva, are the

The largest pair of salivary glands, which produce mostly watery saliva, are the

a. laryngeal glands.
b. parotid glands.
c. pharyngeal glands.
d. sublingual glands.
e. submandibular glands.


Answer: B


Feedback :  The parotid glands are the largest salivary glands; they are serous glands producing mostly watery saliva.

The center of the tooth, which is filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, is called the

The center of the tooth, which is filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, is called the

a. gingiva.
b. pulp.
c. cementum.
d. dentin.
e. enamel.


Answer: B


Feedback :  The center of the tooth, called the pulp, is filled with blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue.

Adults normally have __________ permanent teeth; children have __________ deciduous teeth.

Adults normally have __________ permanent teeth; children have __________ deciduous teeth.

a. 36,36
b. 32,32
c. 32,20
d. 20,32
e. 20,20



Answer: C


Feedback :  Adults normally have 32 permanent teeth; children have 20 deciduous teeth.

The frenulum is part of the

The frenulum is part of the

a. esophagus.
b. muscles of mastication.
c. lips.
d. teeth.
e. tongue.


Answer: E


Feedback :  The frenulum is a thin fold of tissue that is part of the tongue. It anchors the tongue anteriorly to the floor of the mouth.

The muscles responsible for protruding and retracting the tongue, moving it from side to side and changing its shape are the

The muscles responsible for protruding and retracting the tongue, moving it from side to side and changing its shape are the

a. buccinator and masseter muscles.
b. extrinsic tongue muscles.
c. intrinsic tongue muscles.
d. masseter and temporalis muscles.



Answer: B


Feedback :  The extrinsic tongue muscles are responsible for protruding and retracting the tongue, moving it from side to side and changing its shape.

All of these are retroperitoneal organs EXCEPT the:

All of these are retroperitoneal organs EXCEPT the:

a. duodenum.
b. kidneys.
c. rectum.
d. stomach.
e. urinary bladder.


Answer: D


Feedback :  The stomach is not a retroperitoneal organ. The retroperitoneal organs include the duodenum, the pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, kidneys, adrenal glands, and the urinary bladder.

The mesentery that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall is the

The mesentery that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall is the

a. greater omentum
b. lesser omentum.
c. omental bursa.
d. mesentery proper.
e. parietal peritoneum.


Answer: A


Feedback :  The greater omentum is the mesentery that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall.

Except in the upper esophagus and stomach, the muscularis layer of the digestive tract consists of

Except in the upper esophagus and stomach, the muscularis layer of the digestive tract consists of

a. one layer of skeletal muscle.
b. one layer of smooth muscle.
c. two layers of skeletal muscle.
d. two layers of smooth muscle.
e. one layer of smooth muscle and one layer of skeletal muscle.



Answer: D


Feedback :  The muscularis layer of the digestive tract typically consists of two layers of smooth muscle.

The intramural plexus is associated with the

The intramural plexus is associated with the

a. somatic motor nervous system.
b. afferent (sensory) division of the PNS.
c. parasympathetic division of the ANS.
d. sympathetic division of the ANS.



Answer: C


Feedback :  The intramural plexus, consisting of the submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus, is associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS.

The thick connective tissue layer of the digestive tract that contains blood vessels, small glands, and a nerve plexus is the

The thick connective tissue layer of the digestive tract that contains blood vessels, small glands, and a nerve plexus is the

a. mucosa layer.
b. submucosa layer.
c. muscularis layer.
d. serosa (adventitia) layer.



Answer: B

Feedback :  The submucosa is the thick connective tissue layer containing blood vessels, small glands, and a nerve plexus called the submucosal nerve plexus.